{
  "iso2": "EG",
  "name": "Egypt",
  "continent": "africa",
  "region": "Northern Africa",
  "press_freedom": null,
  "incident_count": 2,
  "tactics": [
    {
      "slug": "detention_and_violence",
      "name": "Detention and violence",
      "count": 1
    },
    {
      "slug": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "name": "Funding and ownership pressure",
      "count": 1
    },
    {
      "slug": "outlet_licensing",
      "name": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
      "count": 1
    },
    {
      "slug": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "name": "Secrets and espionage laws",
      "count": 1
    }
  ],
  "leaders": [
    {
      "slug": "adly-mansour",
      "name": "Adly Mansour",
      "count": 1,
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/adly-mansour"
    },
    {
      "slug": "gamal-abdel-nasser",
      "name": "Gamal Abdel Nasser",
      "count": 1,
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/gamal-abdel-nasser"
    }
  ],
  "incidents_by_year": {
    "1960": [
      {
        "slug": "1960-egypt-nasser-nationalizes-press",
        "title": "Egypt's Nasser government nationalizes every newspaper and magazine in the country",
        "occurred_on": "1960-05-24",
        "occurred_on_precision": "day",
        "country": "EG",
        "country_name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "africa",
        "jurisdiction": "EG",
        "level": "national",
        "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "tactics": [
          "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
          "outlet_licensing"
        ],
        "leader_slug": "gamal-abdel-nasser",
        "leader_name": "Gamal Abdel Nasser",
        "issue_of_the_day": "Nasser's government was consolidating state control over Egypt's economy and institutions in the years following the 1952 revolution, and extended that control to the press as an instrument of its nationalist program.",
        "outcome": "ongoing",
        "outcome_on": "1989-01-01",
        "outcome_note": "State ownership structures created by the 1960 decree, including the government-appointed leadership of major papers such as Al-Ahram, remained in place through the 1980s.",
        "era": "1960s",
        "granularity": "anchor",
        "status": "historical",
        "case_count": 0,
        "summary": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser's government issued a decree on May 24, 1960 placing every newspaper and magazine in Egypt under state ownership and management, with the government appointing editors and deciding content, ending private control of the country's press.",
        "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1960-egypt-nasser-nationalizes-press"
      }
    ],
    "2013": [
      {
        "slug": "2013-egypt-al-jazeera-journalists-jailed",
        "title": "Egypt arrests and later convicts three Al Jazeera journalists on terrorism-related charges",
        "occurred_on": "2013-12-29",
        "occurred_on_precision": "day",
        "country": "EG",
        "country_name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "africa",
        "jurisdiction": "EG",
        "level": "national",
        "tactic_primary": "detention_and_violence",
        "tactics": [
          "detention_and_violence",
          "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
        ],
        "leader_slug": "adly-mansour",
        "leader_name": "Adly Mansour",
        "issue_of_the_day": "The Egyptian military's July 2013 removal of President Mohamed Morsi and the government's subsequent designation of his Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.",
        "outcome": "reversed",
        "outcome_on": "2015-09-23",
        "outcome_note": "President Sisi pardoned Fahmy and Mohamed on September 23, 2015; Greste had already been deported to Australia in February 2015 under a prisoner-transfer arrangement.",
        "era": "2010s",
        "granularity": "anchor",
        "status": "historical",
        "case_count": 0,
        "summary": "Months after the military removed President Mohamed Morsi, Egyptian security forces arrested Al Jazeera English journalists Peter Greste, Mohamed Fahmy and Baher Mohamed at a Cairo hotel; courts later convicted them of aiding a banned organization, and international pressure led to pardons.",
        "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-egypt-al-jazeera-journalists-jailed"
      }
    ]
  },
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/countries/eg?format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/countries/eg.json",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/countries/eg.md"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}