{
  "decade": "1920s",
  "from": "1920-01-01",
  "to": "1929-12-31",
  "count": 2,
  "groups": [
    {
      "continent": "europe",
      "region": "Eastern Europe",
      "incidents": [
        {
          "slug": "1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship",
          "title": "Soviet Russia creates Glavlit, a central office to review all printed material before publication",
          "occurred_on": "1922-01-01",
          "occurred_on_precision": "year",
          "country": "RU",
          "country_name": "Russia",
          "continent": "europe",
          "jurisdiction": "RU",
          "level": "national",
          "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
          "tactics": [
            "outlet_licensing",
            "prior_restraint"
          ],
          "leader_slug": "vladimir-lenin",
          "leader_name": "Vladimir Lenin",
          "issue_of_the_day": "The new Soviet government, having just consolidated power after years of revolution and civil war, sought a single, centrally controlled system to replace the uncoordinated military and civilian press controls bodies it had inherited.",
          "outcome": "ongoing",
          "outcome_on": "1989-01-01",
          "outcome_note": "Glavlit's authority over publishing was still largely intact through the 1980s, though its standards were relaxed from 1988 under Gorbachev's glasnost policy before its 1991 dissolution.",
          "stage": "silence",
          "ladder_note": null,
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 172,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "era": "1920s",
          "granularity": "anchor",
          "status": "historical",
          "case_count": 0,
          "summary": "In 1922, under Vladimir Lenin's government, Soviet Russia created Glavlit, a single agency with final authority to review newspapers, books, plays and even posters before they could be printed or performed. By 1930 no publication in the Soviet Union could appear without its approval.",
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "continent": "north-america",
      "region": "Northern America",
      "incidents": [
        {
          "slug": "1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law",
          "title": "United States Supreme Court strikes down a Minnesota law used to shut a newspaper",
          "occurred_on": "1927-01-01",
          "occurred_on_precision": "year",
          "country": "US",
          "country_name": "United States",
          "continent": "north-america",
          "jurisdiction": "US-MN",
          "level": "state_or_province",
          "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
          "tactics": [
            "prior_restraint"
          ],
          "leader_slug": "theodore-christianson",
          "leader_name": "Theodore Christianson",
          "issue_of_the_day": "The Saturday Press had run articles accusing Minneapolis officials, police and a local gangster of corruption and racketeering, allegations the county attorney treated as scandalous and defamatory under the state's 1925 nuisance law.",
          "outcome": "reversed",
          "outcome_on": "1931-06-01",
          "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Minnesota law 5 to 4 as a restraint on publication in advance that the Constitution did not allow.",
          "stage": "silence",
          "ladder_note": null,
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 64,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "era": "1920s",
          "granularity": "anchor",
          "status": "historical",
          "case_count": 0,
          "summary": "A Hennepin County attorney used Minnesota's 1925 Public Nuisance Law to shut down The Saturday Press, a Minneapolis paper accusing officials of corruption. In 1931 the Supreme Court of the United States struck the law down, ruling that stopping a paper before publication was itself a form of press controls.",
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/eras/1920s?format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/eras/1920s.json",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/eras/1920s.md"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}