{
  "title": "Incidents in Asia, stage: punish, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents?continent=asia&stage=punish&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "asia",
    "stage": "punish",
    "outcome": "sustained"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 7,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "CN",
        "label": "China",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 178,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IN",
        "label": "India",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 157,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PK",
        "label": "Pakistan",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 153,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TR",
        "label": "Türkiye",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 163,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 7
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 7
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 7
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "li-peng",
        "label": "Li Peng"
      },
      {
        "value": "narendra-modi",
        "label": "Narendra Modi"
      },
      {
        "value": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
        "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
      },
      {
        "value": "shehbaz-sharif",
        "label": "Shehbaz Sharif"
      },
      {
        "value": "xi-jinping",
        "label": "Xi Jinping"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1989",
        "label": "1989",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2019",
        "label": "2019",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 7
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2025-pakistan-amends-peca-cybercrime-law",
      "title": "Pakistan amends cybercrime law to create new agency policing 'fake' online content",
      "occurred_on": "2025-01-29",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "PK",
      "country_name": "Pakistan",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "PK",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "shehbaz-sharif",
      "leader_name": "Shehbaz Sharif",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The government said the amendment was needed to curb online disinformation, but journalists said the new offense's vague wording, covering content merely believed likely to cause \"fear, panic, disorder or unrest,\" gave authorities broad discretion over ordinary reporting.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The amendment remained law despite nationwide journalist protests and a Human Rights Watch call for its repeal.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 153,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Pakistan's parliament amended the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act to create a new Social Media Protection and Regulatory Authority with power to block online content and a Social Media Protection Tribunal, and made spreading information deemed 'fake or false' punishable by up to three years in prison, prompting nationwide journalist protests.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2025-pakistan-amends-peca-cybercrime-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-press-card-visa-restrictions-us-outlets",
      "title": "China: press credentials and visas withheld from correspondents at three American newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-18",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The findings covered a year in which China expelled dozens of foreign journalists amid tit-for-tat measures with the United States and additional restrictions tied to the coronavirus outbreak.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2021-03-03",
      "outcome_note": "The credential and visa denials were in force for the year covered by the survey, with no reversal reported in the source reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Credentials and visas needed to work at all were denied to correspondents at three named outlets on a national scale, on top of earlier individual expulsion orders.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A survey by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of China found the government refused new press credentials to journalists tied to American outlets and cancelled or refused visas for correspondents at the New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post through 2020.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-press-card-visa-restrictions-us-outlets"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists",
      "title": "China expels American journalists from three major U.S. newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The expulsions followed a rapid exchange of measures: a Wall Street Journal opinion piece China objected to, the U.S. capping Chinese state-media staff, and China's decision to expel American reporters from three outlets in response, all unfolding as the coronavirus pandemic was spreading globally.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The expelled journalists' press credentials were not restored; reciprocal media restrictions between the two countries continued for years afterward.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China ordered American correspondents for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post to leave the country, in a reciprocal response to the Trump administration capping the number of Chinese state-media employees allowed in the United States, which itself followed China's earlier expulsion of three Journal reporters over an opinion headline.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-three-wsj-journalists-headline",
      "title": "China: three Wall Street Journal correspondents expelled over an opinion headline",
      "occurred_on": "2020-02-19",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Wall Street Journal had published an opinion column on February 3, 2020, by an outside scholar, headlined \"China Is the Real Sick Man of Asia,\" about the economic effects of the coronavirus outbreak.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2020-02-19",
      "outcome_note": "The three journalists' press credentials were revoked and the expulsion carried out; no reversal is reported in the source reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Working correspondents were expelled from the country over content written by someone outside their newsroom, not barred from one building or event.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China's foreign ministry expelled three Wall Street Journal correspondents and revoked their press credentials after an opinion column, unrelated to their own reporting, used a headline the ministry called offensive.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-three-wsj-journalists-headline"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2019-india-revokes-taseer-oci-status",
      "title": "India: journalist Aatish Taseer's overseas citizenship revoked",
      "occurred_on": "2019-11-07",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "IN",
      "country_name": "India",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "IN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "narendra-modi",
      "leader_name": "Narendra Modi",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2019-11-07",
      "outcome_note": "The cancellation was carried out and was not reported as reversed in the sources reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "India revoked a journalist's long-term immigration status months after his cover story criticized the prime minister; the White House ban withdrew building access, not legal status to enter the country.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 157,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "India's government cancelled writer and journalist Aatish Taseer's Overseas Citizen of India status months after he wrote a Time magazine cover story critical of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, citing his father's Pakistani nationality.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2019-india-revokes-taseer-oci-status"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2019-turkiye-deports-ans-boersma",
      "title": "Turkiye: Dutch freelance journalist Ans Boersma deported",
      "occurred_on": "2019-01-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "TR",
      "country_name": "Türkiye",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "TR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
      "leader_name": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2019-01-17",
      "outcome_note": "The deportation was not reported as reversed in the sources reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "A foreign correspondent was detained overnight and deported on an allegation her own government said it was never asked to confirm; the White House ban has not deported a journalist from the country.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 163,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Turkish authorities detained Dutch freelance journalist Ans Boersma while she tried to renew her residence permit in Istanbul and deported her the next day, citing an alleged link to a Syrian armed group that the Netherlands said it had never been asked about.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2019-turkiye-deports-ans-boersma"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1989-china-tiananmen-foreign-journalists-expelled",
      "title": "China expels foreign journalists and restricts coverage of the Tiananmen Square protests",
      "occurred_on": "1989-06-14",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "li-peng",
      "leader_name": "Li Peng",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Student-led pro-democracy protests had occupied Tiananmen Square for weeks before the government declared martial law and then used the military to clear the square in early June 1989, and moved to control international coverage of the events that followed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1990-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "Martial law in Beijing was lifted in January 1990, but broad Chinese government controls on foreign press coverage continued well beyond that date.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1980s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "After declaring martial law in Beijing on May 20, 1989, China's government imposed rigid restrictions on coverage of pro-democracy protests and, following the military's June 3-4 clearing of Tiananmen Square, expelled Associated Press correspondent John Pomfret and Voice of America correspondent Alan Pessin.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1989-china-tiananmen-foreign-journalists-expelled"
    }
  ],
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    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents.json?continent=asia&stage=punish&outcome=sustained",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents.md?continent=asia&stage=punish&outcome=sustained"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}