{
  "title": "Incidents: official labels in Asia, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents?continent=asia&tactic=disinformation_labeling&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "asia",
    "tactic": "disinformation_labeling",
    "outcome": "sustained"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 3,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "GE",
        "label": "Georgia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 135,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PK",
        "label": "Pakistan",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 153,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "VN",
        "label": "Viet Nam",
        "rsf": null
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "irakli-kobakhidze",
        "label": "Irakli Kobakhidze"
      },
      {
        "value": "nguyen-tan-dung",
        "label": "Nguyen Tan Dung"
      },
      {
        "value": "shehbaz-sharif",
        "label": "Shehbaz Sharif"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2025-pakistan-amends-peca-cybercrime-law",
      "title": "Pakistan amends cybercrime law to create new agency policing 'fake' online content",
      "occurred_on": "2025-01-29",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "PK",
      "country_name": "Pakistan",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "PK",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "shehbaz-sharif",
      "leader_name": "Shehbaz Sharif",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The government said the amendment was needed to curb online disinformation, but journalists said the new offense's vague wording, covering content merely believed likely to cause \"fear, panic, disorder or unrest,\" gave authorities broad discretion over ordinary reporting.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The amendment remained law despite nationwide journalist protests and a Human Rights Watch call for its repeal.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 153,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Pakistan's parliament amended the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act to create a new Social Media Protection and Regulatory Authority with power to block online content and a Social Media Protection Tribunal, and made spreading information deemed 'fake or false' punishable by up to three years in prison, prompting nationwide journalist protests.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2025-pakistan-amends-peca-cybercrime-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2024-georgia-foreign-influence-law",
      "title": "Georgia enacts 'foreign influence' law requiring media to register as foreign-backed",
      "occurred_on": "2024-05-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GE",
      "country_name": "Georgia",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "GE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "irakli-kobakhidze",
      "leader_name": "Irakli Kobakhidze",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The governing Georgian Dream party framed the law as protecting Georgian sovereignty against foreign-funded groups it accused of trying to organize unrest, at a time when the party also faced growing opposition ahead of Georgia's 2024 parliamentary election.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The law took effect despite mass protests and international criticism; the governing party did not withdraw it.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 135,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Georgia's parliament passed a law requiring media and civil-society groups that receive 20 percent or more of their funding from abroad to register as organizations \"serving the interests of a foreign power,\" over mass street protests and international criticism that the label would be used to marginalize independent outlets.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-georgia-foreign-influence-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2013-vietnam-decree-72-restricts-blogs",
      "title": "Vietnam: Decree 72 restricts blogs to personal information",
      "occurred_on": "2013-09-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "VN",
      "country_name": "Viet Nam",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "VN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "nguyen-tan-dung",
      "leader_name": "Nguyen Tan Dung",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2013-09-01",
      "outcome_note": "The decree remained in force and was not reported as reversed in the source reviewed.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": "Vietnam's decree barred bloggers from sharing news articles at all, restricting them to personal content on pain of prosecution; no United States rule confines an outlet or blogger to personal content.",
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Vietnam's Decree 72 took effect in September 2013, barring bloggers and social media users from linking to or reposting news from press organizations or foreign government websites, restricting them to sharing personal information only.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-vietnam-decree-72-restricts-blogs"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}