{
  "title": "Incidents: funding and ownership pressure in Asia, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents?continent=asia&tactic=funding_and_ownership_pressure&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "asia",
    "tactic": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
    "outcome": "sustained"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 4,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "KH",
        "label": "Cambodia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 151,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GE",
        "label": "Georgia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 135,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TR",
        "label": "Türkiye",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 163,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "hun-sen",
        "label": "Hun Sen"
      },
      {
        "value": "irakli-kobakhidze",
        "label": "Irakli Kobakhidze"
      },
      {
        "value": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
        "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2016",
        "label": "2016",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2017",
        "label": "2017",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 4
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2024-georgia-foreign-influence-law",
      "title": "Georgia enacts 'foreign influence' law requiring media to register as foreign-backed",
      "occurred_on": "2024-05-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GE",
      "country_name": "Georgia",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "GE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "irakli-kobakhidze",
      "leader_name": "Irakli Kobakhidze",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The governing Georgian Dream party framed the law as protecting Georgian sovereignty against foreign-funded groups it accused of trying to organize unrest, at a time when the party also faced growing opposition ahead of Georgia's 2024 parliamentary election.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The law took effect despite mass protests and international criticism; the governing party did not withdraw it.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 135,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Georgia's parliament passed a law requiring media and civil-society groups that receive 20 percent or more of their funding from abroad to register as organizations \"serving the interests of a foreign power,\" over mass street protests and international criticism that the label would be used to marginalize independent outlets.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-georgia-foreign-influence-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2018-turkiye-dogan-sells-to-demiroren",
      "title": "Turkiye: Dogan Holding sells its media outlets to Demiroren",
      "occurred_on": "2018-03-21",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "TR",
      "country_name": "Türkiye",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "TR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
      "leader_name": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2018-03-21",
      "outcome_note": "The sale closed and was not reported as reversed in the sources reviewed.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": "Turkiye's largest remaining independent newspaper and broadcast group was sold to a buyer with ties to the president, following two prior purchases that turned pro-government; United States pressure on owners has not produced a forced sale of this kind.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 163,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Turkiye's largest independent media group, including the newspaper Hurriyet and the broadcaster CNN Turk, was sold to the Demiroren conglomerate, a buyer with ties to the governing party, for a reported 1.1 billion dollars.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2018-turkiye-dogan-sells-to-demiroren"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2017-cambodia-daily-closed-tax-bill",
      "title": "Cambodia's government forces the closure of The Cambodia Daily with a disputed multimillion-dollar tax bill",
      "occurred_on": "2017-09-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "KH",
      "country_name": "Cambodia",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "KH",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "hun-sen",
      "leader_name": "Hun Sen",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Preparations for Cambodia's 2018 general election and a wider government campaign against independent media and civil-society groups seen as sympathetic to the opposition.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2017-09-04",
      "outcome_note": "The Cambodia Daily did not reopen; its closure coincided with a wider campaign against independent outlets and civil-society groups ahead of Cambodia's 2018 election.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 151,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Cambodia's tax authority presented the independent, English-language Cambodia Daily with a $6.3 million bill the paper called arbitrary and undocumented, forcing the 24-year-old newspaper to close rather than pay, amid a wider campaign against independent media before 2018 elections.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2017-cambodia-daily-closed-tax-bill"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2016-turkiye-zaman-trustees-installed",
      "title": "Turkiye: court installs trustees at Zaman newspaper",
      "occurred_on": "2016-03-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "TR",
      "country_name": "Türkiye",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "TR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
      "leader_name": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2016-03-04",
      "outcome_note": "Editorial control was not restored to the original owners; the outlets were later shut down entirely under a separate July 2016 decree.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": "A court replaced a newspaper's board and editors with trustees days after a hearing without the company's lawyers present; United States funding pressure has not removed an outlet's management by court order.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 163,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "An Istanbul court put Turkiye's best-selling newspaper, Zaman, and its parent company under trustees after ruling it supported a group the government called a terrorist organization. Police used tear gas on a crowd that gathered in support.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2016-turkiye-zaman-trustees-installed"
    }
  ],
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    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents.json?continent=asia&tactic=funding_and_ownership_pressure&outcome=sustained",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents.md?continent=asia&tactic=funding_and_ownership_pressure&outcome=sustained"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}