{
  "title": "Incidents in Europe, national level, outcome ongoing",
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    "continent": "europe",
    "level": "national",
    "outcome": "ongoing"
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  "count": 3,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "HU",
        "label": "Hungary",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 74,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "RU",
        "label": "Russia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 172,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "RS",
        "label": "Serbia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 104,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
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        "label": "Europe"
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    ],
    "tactic": [
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        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
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      {
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        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 3
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    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 3
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    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "aleksandar-vucic",
        "label": "Aleksandar Vucic"
      },
      {
        "value": "viktor-orban",
        "label": "Viktor Orban"
      },
      {
        "value": "vladimir-lenin",
        "label": "Vladimir Lenin"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1922",
        "label": "1922",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 1
      }
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    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 3
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    ]
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  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2025-serbia-police-target-journalists-protests",
      "title": "Serbian police strike, detain and disarm journalists covering anti-government protests",
      "occurred_on": "2025-09-05",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "RS",
      "country_name": "Serbia",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "RS",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "detention_and_violence",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "aleksandar-vucic",
      "leader_name": "Aleksandar Vucic",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The protests, which grew through the summer of 2025, followed months of demonstrations against President Aleksandar Vucic's government that began after a deadly railway-station canopy collapse in Novi Sad in late 2024.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The interior ministry did not respond to CPJ's request for comment, and no officer was reported disciplined for the incidents documented.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 104,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The Committee to Protect Journalists documented at least 28 Serbian journalists reporting being struck, detained, sprayed with chemical irritants or having their equipment destroyed by police between June and September 2025 while covering nationwide anti-government protests; the interior ministry did not respond to CPJ's request for comment.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2025-serbia-police-target-journalists-protests"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2021-hungary-panyi-pegasus-spyware",
      "title": "Hungary: investigative journalist Szabolcs Panyi's phone is infected with Pegasus spyware",
      "occurred_on": "2021-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "HU",
      "country_name": "Hungary",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "HU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "viktor-orban",
      "leader_name": "Viktor Orban",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The finding was published as part of the July 2021 Pegasus Project, a collaborative investigation by Forbidden Stories and Amnesty International's Security Lab into governments' use of NSO Group's Pegasus spyware against journalists and civil society figures worldwide.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": "2021-07-01",
      "outcome_note": "The finding prompted European Union scrutiny of Pegasus use against journalists, but the source reviewed does not report any Hungarian accountability measure.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "A journalist's phone was covertly infected with spyware capable of reading his communications and locating his sources, rather than a subpoena for records already created.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 74,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Amnesty International found forensic traces of Pegasus spyware on the phone of Direkt36 investigative journalist Szabolcs Panyi, who covers Hungarian national security and diplomacy, as part of the wider Pegasus Project investigation.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2021-hungary-panyi-pegasus-spyware"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship",
      "title": "Soviet Russia creates Glavlit, a central office to review all printed material before publication",
      "occurred_on": "1922-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "RU",
      "country_name": "Russia",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "RU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "vladimir-lenin",
      "leader_name": "Vladimir Lenin",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The new Soviet government, having just consolidated power after years of revolution and civil war, sought a single, centrally controlled system to replace the uncoordinated military and civilian press controls bodies it had inherited.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": "1989-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "Glavlit's authority over publishing was still largely intact through the 1980s, though its standards were relaxed from 1988 under Gorbachev's glasnost policy before its 1991 dissolution.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 172,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In 1922, under Vladimir Lenin's government, Soviet Russia created Glavlit, a single agency with final authority to review newspapers, books, plays and even posters before they could be printed or performed. By 1930 no publication in the Soviet Union could appear without its approval.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship"
    }
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