{
  "title": "Incidents: surveillance and subpoenas in Europe, national level",
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  "filters": {
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    "tactic": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
    "level": "national"
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  "sort": "date",
  "count": 2,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "HU",
        "label": "Hungary",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 74,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GB",
        "label": "United Kingdom",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "david-cameron",
        "label": "David Cameron"
      },
      {
        "value": "viktor-orban",
        "label": "Viktor Orban"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 2
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2021-hungary-panyi-pegasus-spyware",
      "title": "Hungary: investigative journalist Szabolcs Panyi's phone is infected with Pegasus spyware",
      "occurred_on": "2021-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "HU",
      "country_name": "Hungary",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "HU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "viktor-orban",
      "leader_name": "Viktor Orban",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The finding was published as part of the July 2021 Pegasus Project, a collaborative investigation by Forbidden Stories and Amnesty International's Security Lab into governments' use of NSO Group's Pegasus spyware against journalists and civil society figures worldwide.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": "2021-07-01",
      "outcome_note": "The finding prompted European Union scrutiny of Pegasus use against journalists, but the source reviewed does not report any Hungarian accountability measure.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "A journalist's phone was covertly infected with spyware capable of reading his communications and locating his sources, rather than a subpoena for records already created.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 74,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Amnesty International found forensic traces of Pegasus spyware on the phone of Direkt36 investigative journalist Szabolcs Panyi, who covers Hungarian national security and diplomacy, as part of the wider Pegasus Project investigation.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2021-hungary-panyi-pegasus-spyware"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2013-uk-miranda-detention-guardian-hard-drives",
      "title": "United Kingdom detains journalist's partner under terrorism law and oversees destruction of Guardian hard drives holding Snowden files",
      "occurred_on": "2013-08-18",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GB",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "david-cameron",
      "leader_name": "David Cameron",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Guardian's 2013 reporting, based on files leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, on mass surveillance by the United States and United Kingdom.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2016-01-19",
      "outcome_note": "The Court of Appeal ruled in January 2016 that Miranda's detention itself was lawful, but found Schedule 7's stop powers incompatible with press-freedom protections for journalistic material generally.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 18,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "British authorities detained David Miranda, partner of Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald, for nine hours at Heathrow Airport under anti-terrorism powers, and separately had Guardian staff destroy hard drives holding files leaked by Edward Snowden rather than hand them to a court.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-uk-miranda-detention-guardian-hard-drives"
    }
  ],
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}