{
  "title": "Incidents in Europe, outcome unknown",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents?continent=europe&outcome=unknown&view=cards",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "europe",
    "outcome": "unknown",
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  "sort": "date",
  "count": 2,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "HU",
        "label": "Hungary",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 74,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "MT",
        "label": "Malta",
        "rsf": null
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "lawsuits_against_press",
        "label": "Lawsuits against the press",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "joseph-muscat",
        "label": "Joseph Muscat"
      },
      {
        "value": "viktor-orban",
        "label": "Viktor Orban"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2017",
        "label": "2017",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 2
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2020-hungary-coronavirus-fake-news-law",
      "title": "Hungary criminalizes false coronavirus information and grants Orban decree powers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-30",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "HU",
      "country_name": "Hungary",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "HU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "insult_and_defamation_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "viktor-orban",
      "leader_name": "Viktor Orban",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The law was passed as Hungary, like much of Europe, entered its first coronavirus lockdown in March 2020; the government said it needed emergency powers to respond quickly to the pandemic.",
      "outcome": "unknown",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "Hungary's government said it would end Orban's decree powers by June 20, 2020; the false-information provision's later fate was not established.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 74,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Hungary's parliament passed an emergency coronavirus law allowing prison terms of up to five years for spreading information the government deemed false or distorted about the pandemic, and let Prime Minister Viktor Orban rule by decree for an unlimited period.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-hungary-coronavirus-fake-news-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2017-malta-freezes-caruana-galizia-account",
      "title": "Malta: minister orders reporter's bank account frozen",
      "occurred_on": "2017-02-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "MT",
      "country_name": "Malta",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "MT",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "lawsuits_against_press",
      "tactics": [
        "lawsuits_against_press"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "joseph-muscat",
      "leader_name": "Joseph Muscat",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "unknown",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The source reviewed does not report the freeze being lifted before her 2017 killing; five people were later sentenced over the killing itself between 2022 and 2026, while defamation suits continued against her family.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": "A minister ordered a reporter's bank account frozen a month after her story on his colleagues, one of dozens of suits filed against her before her killing; United States lawsuits against the press in the record have not frozen a journalist's assets.",
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A month after journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia published reporting on members of Malta's government, the economy minister had her bank account frozen, one of dozens of legal actions she faced before she was killed in a car bombing in October 2017.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2017-malta-freezes-caruana-galizia-account"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}