{
  "title": "Incidents: detention and violence in North America, head of government Alfred E. Smith",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
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      "slug": "1925-us-supreme-court-upholds-gitlow-anarchy-conviction",
      "title": "United States: Supreme Court upholds Benjamin Gitlow's conviction under New York's Criminal Anarchy Law, 1925",
      "occurred_on": "1925-06-08",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
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      "continent": "north-america",
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      "leader_slug": "al-smith",
      "leader_name": "Alfred E. Smith",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Fears of growing socialist and union activity during the Red Scare that followed the First World War led Congress and state legislatures, including New York's, to adopt new restrictions on radical speech and publishing.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1925-06-08",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court's decision upheld Gitlow's conviction and New York's Criminal Anarchy Law while establishing that free speech and press protections apply to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment.",
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      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The United States Supreme Court voted seven to two on June 8, 1925 to uphold the conviction of socialist publisher Benjamin Gitlow, who had been tried and sentenced to prison under New York's 1902 Criminal Anarchy Law for distributing 16,000 copies of the Left Wing Manifesto. The Court also held for the first time that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause extends free speech and press protections to state governments.",
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