{
  "title": "Incidents in North America, national level",
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  "filters": {
    "continent": "north-america",
    "level": "national",
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  "count": 51,
  "page": 2,
  "pages": 2,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "SV",
        "label": "El Salvador",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 143,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 143rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/country/el-salvador"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GT",
        "label": "Guatemala",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 128,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 128th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "HT",
        "label": "Haiti",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 107,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "NI",
        "label": "Nicaragua",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 168,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 13
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 10
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "lawsuits_against_press",
        "label": "Lawsuits against the press",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "eliminate",
        "label": "Eliminate",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 51
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 13
      },
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 5
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "alejandro-giammattei",
        "label": "Alejandro Giammattei"
      },
      {
        "value": "barack-obama",
        "label": "Barack Obama"
      },
      {
        "value": "daniel-ortega",
        "label": "Daniel Ortega"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "dwight-d-eisenhower",
        "label": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"
      },
      {
        "value": "franklin-d-roosevelt",
        "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-hw-bush",
        "label": "George H. W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-w-bush",
        "label": "George W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "jean-claude-duvalier",
        "label": "Jean-Claude Duvalier"
      },
      {
        "value": "joe-biden",
        "label": "Joe Biden"
      },
      {
        "value": "nayib-bukele",
        "label": "Nayib Bukele"
      },
      {
        "value": "richard-nixon",
        "label": "Richard Nixon"
      },
      {
        "value": "ronald-reagan",
        "label": "Ronald Reagan"
      },
      {
        "value": "woodrow-wilson",
        "label": "Woodrow Wilson"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 29
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "1970s",
        "label": "1970s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1990s",
        "label": "1990s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1960s",
        "label": "1960s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1950s",
        "label": "1950s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1917",
        "label": "1917",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1955",
        "label": "1955",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1969",
        "label": "1969",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1971",
        "label": "1971",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1981",
        "label": "1981",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1983",
        "label": "1983",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1991",
        "label": "1991",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2003",
        "label": "2003",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2005",
        "label": "2005",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010",
        "label": "2010",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2014",
        "label": "2014",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2019",
        "label": "2019",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 18
      },
      {
        "value": "2026",
        "label": "2026",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 48
      },
      {
        "value": "1",
        "label": "with a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader",
      "title": "United States Postmaster General Burleson strips the Milwaukee Leader of its mailing rate",
      "occurred_on": "1917-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Leader had published articles criticizing United States participation in the First World War and the draft, which the Post Office treated as violations of the Espionage Act's ban on obstructing military recruitment.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1921-03-07",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the revocation of the Leader's mailing rate 7 to 2 in United States ex rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Postmaster General Albert Burleson used the wartime Espionage Act to strip the Milwaukee Leader, a socialist daily, of its low-cost second-class mailing rate, cutting off its main channel to readers. The Supreme Court upheld the revocation in 1921, over two dissents warning it amounted to press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}