{
  "title": "Incidents: licensing and closure of outlets, head of government Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff",
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    "tactic": "outlet_licensing",
    "leader": "andries-de-graeff"
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  "count": 1,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "ID",
        "label": "Indonesia",
        "rsf": null
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 1
      }
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    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 1
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    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 1
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    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "andries-de-graeff",
        "label": "Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1926",
        "label": "1926",
        "count": 1
      }
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    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 1
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    {
      "slug": "1926-dutch-east-indies-mawa-article-153bis",
      "title": "Dutch East Indies: Colonial authorities end publication of the communist newspaper Mawa under Penal Code Article 153 bis, 1926",
      "occurred_on": "1926-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "ID",
      "country_name": "Indonesia",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "ID",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "andries-de-graeff",
      "leader_name": "Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Communist organizing was spreading among Indonesian workers' movements in the mid-1920s, and in November 1926 members of the Communist Party of the Indies rose up in Batavia and the Banten region, an uprising that colonial authorities put down.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1926-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "Mawa did not resume publishing, and the colonial government's restrictions on communist-linked newspapers continued after the 1926 uprising.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In 1926, colonial authorities in the Dutch East Indies ended publication of Mawa, a newspaper linked to the Communist Association of the Indies in Soerakarta, through repeated use of Article 153 bis of the colonial Penal Code, which criminalized advocating the overthrow of the government. The action came in the same year that a new Governor-General took office and colonial authorities put down a communist uprising in Batavia and the Banten region.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1926-dutch-east-indies-mawa-article-153bis"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}