{
  "title": "Incidents: access bans, head of government George H. W. Bush, outcome sustained",
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  "count": 1,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
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    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 1
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      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
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      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 1
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        "count": 1
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    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
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    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "george-hw-bush",
        "label": "George H. W. Bush"
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    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1990s",
        "label": "1990s",
        "count": 1
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    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1991",
        "label": "1991",
        "count": 1
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    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 1
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  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1991-gulf-war-us-military-press-pools",
      "title": "United States military restricts reporters to escorted press pools during the Gulf War",
      "occurred_on": "1991-01-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "detention_and_violence"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "george-hw-bush",
      "leader_name": "George H. W. Bush",
      "issue_of_the_day": "U.S.-led coalition forces' campaign to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's August 1990 invasion.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1991-02-28",
      "outcome_note": "The pool system stayed in place through the war's end on February 28, 1991; the legal challenge in Nation Magazine v. Department of Defense was later dismissed as moot.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1990s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The U.S. military required reporters covering the 1991 Gulf War to work in escorted \"pools\" rather than move freely, reviewed pool dispatches before release, and reporters who left the pools were captured or detained.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1991-gulf-war-us-military-press-pools"
    }
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}