{
  "title": "Incidents: surveillance and subpoenas, head of government Richard Nixon, outcome upheld by a court",
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  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
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        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
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    {
      "slug": "1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege",
      "title": "United States Supreme Court rules reporters have no privilege to refuse grand jury subpoenas",
      "occurred_on": "1969-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "richard-nixon",
      "leader_name": "Richard Nixon",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Branzburg's articles on drug use and manufacturing drew the attention of Kentucky prosecutors, who wanted him to identify the people he had described witnessing commit the underlying offenses.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1972-06-29",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the grand jury's power to compel Branzburg's testimony 5 to 4, finding no First Amendment reporter's privilege.",
      "stage": "punish",
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      "rsf": {
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        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1960s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Louisville Courier-Journal reporter Paul Branzburg was subpoenaed by a Kentucky grand jury, a body that investigates possible crimes, after he wrote about drug users he had observed. The Supreme Court ruled in 1972 that the First Amendment gives reporters no special right to withhold sources or information from a grand jury.",
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