{
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        "value": "1930s",
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    "year": [
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        "value": "1938",
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    {
      "slug": "1938-us-lovell-v-griffin-permit-requirement",
      "title": "United States: Supreme Court strikes down a Georgia city's permit requirement for distributing literature, 1938",
      "occurred_on": "1938-03-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-GA",
      "level": "municipal",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
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      "leader_slug": "eurith-d-rivers",
      "leader_name": "Eurith D. Rivers",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Lovell was a Jehovah's Witness distributing religious pamphlets and a magazine, activity that Griffin's ordinance treated the same as any other literature requiring a permit.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1938-03-28",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court reversed Lovell's conviction and sent the case back for further proceedings consistent with its ruling.",
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        "rank": 64,
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        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The city of Griffin, Georgia, required written permission from the city manager before anyone could distribute pamphlets, circulars or magazines within its limits, treating unlicensed distribution as a punishable nuisance. Alma Lovell was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for distributing religious literature without a permit, and the Supreme Court of the United States reversed her conviction in 1938, ruling that the ordinance was invalid on its face.",
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}