{
  "title": "Incidents, stage: punish, national level, outcome upheld by a court",
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    "stage": "punish",
    "level": "national",
    "outcome": "upheld"
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  "count": 6,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "HK",
        "label": "Hong Kong",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 140,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 140th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GB",
        "label": "United Kingdom",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ZW",
        "label": "Zimbabwe",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 124,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
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        "label": "Asia"
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        "label": "Europe"
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      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
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        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
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        "label": "Credential control",
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        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 6
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        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 6
      }
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    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 6
      }
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    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "barack-obama",
        "label": "Barack Obama"
      },
      {
        "value": "david-cameron",
        "label": "David Cameron"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-w-bush",
        "label": "George W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-lee",
        "label": "John Lee"
      },
      {
        "value": "richard-nixon",
        "label": "Richard Nixon"
      },
      {
        "value": "robert-mugabe",
        "label": "Robert Mugabe"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1960s",
        "label": "1960s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1969",
        "label": "1969",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2005",
        "label": "2005",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 6
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2024-hong-kong-stand-news-editors-convicted-sedition",
      "title": "Hong Kong court convicts Stand News editors of sedition",
      "occurred_on": "2024-08-29",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "HK",
      "country_name": "Hong Kong",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "HK",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "insult_and_defamation_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "john-lee",
      "leader_name": "John Lee",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The prosecution centered on opinion pieces and interviews Stand News had published examining Hong Kong's 2019 protests and the 2020 National Security Law, coverage prosecutors said smeared the security law and law enforcement.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2024-09-26",
      "outcome_note": "Both editors were sentenced in September 2024; no reversal of the convictions was reported.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 140,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 140th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Hong Kong court convicted former Stand News editors Chung Pui-kuen and Patrick Lam of conspiring to publish seditious material, under a colonial-era law, over articles the outlet had run before police raided its newsroom and it closed at the end of 2021.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-hong-kong-stand-news-editors-convicted-sedition"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2013-uk-miranda-detention-guardian-hard-drives",
      "title": "United Kingdom detains journalist's partner under terrorism law and oversees destruction of Guardian hard drives holding Snowden files",
      "occurred_on": "2013-08-18",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GB",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "david-cameron",
      "leader_name": "David Cameron",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Guardian's 2013 reporting, based on files leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, on mass surveillance by the United States and United Kingdom.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2016-01-19",
      "outcome_note": "The Court of Appeal ruled in January 2016 that Miranda's detention itself was lawful, but found Schedule 7's stop powers incompatible with press-freedom protections for journalistic material generally.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 18,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "British authorities detained David Miranda, partner of Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald, for nine hours at Heathrow Airport under anti-terrorism powers, and separately had Guardian staff destroy hard drives holding files leaked by Edward Snowden rather than hand them to a court.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-uk-miranda-detention-guardian-hard-drives"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2012-us-john-kiriakou-espionage-act-cia-torture-source",
      "title": "United States prosecutes former CIA officer John Kiriakou under the Espionage Act for identifying a covert colleague to a journalist",
      "occurred_on": "2013-01-25",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "barack-obama",
      "leader_name": "Barack Obama",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Public disclosure of the CIA's post-September 11 interrogation program, including its use of waterboarding.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2015-02-03",
      "outcome_note": "Kiriakou served his full 30-month sentence under the plea agreement and was released in February 2015; no CIA interrogation-program official faced comparable charges.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Former CIA officer John Kiriakou, who in 2007 was the first CIA officer to publicly describe the agency's waterboarding of a detainee, pleaded guilty to identifying a covert colleague to a journalist and was sentenced under the Espionage Act to 30 months in prison.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2012-us-john-kiriakou-espionage-act-cia-torture-source"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2005-us-judith-miller-jailed-plame-source",
      "title": "New York Times reporter Judith Miller jailed for refusing to name a confidential source in the Valerie Plame affair",
      "occurred_on": "2005-07-06",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "george-w-bush",
      "leader_name": "George W. Bush",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Bush administration's case for the 2003 Iraq War and the public dispute over former ambassador Joseph Wilson's contrary account of Iraqi uranium claims.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2005-09-29",
      "outcome_note": "Courts upheld the contempt order and subpoena; Miller served 85 days before her source freed her to testify, and prosecutors later convicted Libby of perjury.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2000s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A federal judge jailed New York Times reporter Judith Miller for contempt after she refused to tell a grand jury who told her the identity of CIA officer Valerie Plame, part of a special counsel's investigation into the leak.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2005-us-judith-miller-jailed-plame-source"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2005-zimbabwe-court-refuses-daily-news-accreditation",
      "title": "Zimbabwe: the High Court refuses to accredit Daily News journalists under the media registration law",
      "occurred_on": "2005-05-12",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "ZW",
      "country_name": "Zimbabwe",
      "continent": "africa",
      "jurisdiction": "ZW",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "robert-mugabe",
      "leader_name": "Robert Mugabe",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Daily News, Zimbabwe's largest independent newspaper, had been closed since September 2003 after the Supreme Court found it unregistered under the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA), a 2002 law requiring every media outlet and journalist to register with the government.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2005-05-12",
      "outcome_note": "The High Court upheld the requirement that the publisher be registered before its journalists could be accredited; the paper was not relicensed until 2010.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Journalists at a named newspaper were denied the individual credential needed to work at all, conditioned on a separate corporate registration the government withheld for years.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 124,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2000s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Zimbabwe's High Court ruled that Daily News journalists could not be accredited to work as reporters until their newspaper's publisher had itself been registered with the government's Media and Information Commission.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2005-zimbabwe-court-refuses-daily-news-accreditation"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege",
      "title": "United States Supreme Court rules reporters have no privilege to refuse grand jury subpoenas",
      "occurred_on": "1969-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "richard-nixon",
      "leader_name": "Richard Nixon",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Branzburg's articles on drug use and manufacturing drew the attention of Kentucky prosecutors, who wanted him to identify the people he had described witnessing commit the underlying offenses.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1972-06-29",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the grand jury's power to compel Branzburg's testimony 5 to 4, finding no First Amendment reporter's privilege.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1960s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Louisville Courier-Journal reporter Paul Branzburg was subpoenaed by a Kentucky grand jury, a body that investigates possible crimes, after he wrote about drug users he had observed. The Supreme Court ruled in 1972 that the First Amendment gives reporters no special right to withhold sources or information from a grand jury.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege"
    }
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    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
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