{
  "title": "Incidents: credential control, stage: punish, national level",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents?tactic=credential_control&stage=punish&level=national",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "credential_control",
    "stage": "punish",
    "level": "national"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 4,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "CN",
        "label": "China",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 178,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "KZ",
        "label": "Kazakhstan",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "ZW",
        "label": "Zimbabwe",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 124,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "africa",
        "label": "Africa"
      },
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "kassym-jomart-tokayev",
        "label": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev"
      },
      {
        "value": "robert-mugabe",
        "label": "Robert Mugabe"
      },
      {
        "value": "xi-jinping",
        "label": "Xi Jinping"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2005",
        "label": "2005",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 4
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2024-kazakhstan-restrictive-media-accreditation-rules",
      "title": "Kazakhstan: new accreditation rules let officials withdraw a journalist's pass for off-topic questions",
      "occurred_on": "2024-08-20",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "KZ",
      "country_name": "Kazakhstan",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "KZ",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "kassym-jomart-tokayev",
      "leader_name": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The rules followed a period of monthslong accreditation denials against journalists with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Kazakh service, Radio Azattyq, and escalating administrative charges against them for allegedly spreading false information.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": "2024-09-03",
      "outcome_note": "The domestic accreditation rule had taken effect and the foreign media rule remained proposed, with officials not responding to requests for comment.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "A government rule lets officials withdraw a journalist's accreditation for the content of the questions asked, not only for building or event access.",
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Kazakhstan's government adopted rules allowing journalists' accreditation to be withdrawn for six months over conduct at a news event, including asking off-topic questions, while proposing separate rules letting the foreign ministry deny foreign media accreditation over any violation of Kazakh law.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-kazakhstan-restrictive-media-accreditation-rules"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-press-card-visa-restrictions-us-outlets",
      "title": "China: press credentials and visas withheld from correspondents at three American newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-18",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The findings covered a year in which China expelled dozens of foreign journalists amid tit-for-tat measures with the United States and additional restrictions tied to the coronavirus outbreak.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2021-03-03",
      "outcome_note": "The credential and visa denials were in force for the year covered by the survey, with no reversal reported in the source reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Credentials and visas needed to work at all were denied to correspondents at three named outlets on a national scale, on top of earlier individual expulsion orders.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A survey by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of China found the government refused new press credentials to journalists tied to American outlets and cancelled or refused visas for correspondents at the New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post through 2020.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-press-card-visa-restrictions-us-outlets"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists",
      "title": "China expels American journalists from three major U.S. newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The expulsions followed a rapid exchange of measures: a Wall Street Journal opinion piece China objected to, the U.S. capping Chinese state-media staff, and China's decision to expel American reporters from three outlets in response, all unfolding as the coronavirus pandemic was spreading globally.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The expelled journalists' press credentials were not restored; reciprocal media restrictions between the two countries continued for years afterward.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China ordered American correspondents for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post to leave the country, in a reciprocal response to the Trump administration capping the number of Chinese state-media employees allowed in the United States, which itself followed China's earlier expulsion of three Journal reporters over an opinion headline.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2005-zimbabwe-court-refuses-daily-news-accreditation",
      "title": "Zimbabwe: the High Court refuses to accredit Daily News journalists under the media registration law",
      "occurred_on": "2005-05-12",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "ZW",
      "country_name": "Zimbabwe",
      "continent": "africa",
      "jurisdiction": "ZW",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "robert-mugabe",
      "leader_name": "Robert Mugabe",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Daily News, Zimbabwe's largest independent newspaper, had been closed since September 2003 after the Supreme Court found it unregistered under the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA), a 2002 law requiring every media outlet and journalist to register with the government.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "2005-05-12",
      "outcome_note": "The High Court upheld the requirement that the publisher be registered before its journalists could be accredited; the paper was not relicensed until 2010.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Journalists at a named newspaper were denied the individual credential needed to work at all, conditioned on a separate corporate registration the government withheld for years.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 124,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2000s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Zimbabwe's High Court ruled that Daily News journalists could not be accredited to work as reporters until their newspaper's publisher had itself been registered with the government's Media and Information Commission.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2005-zimbabwe-court-refuses-daily-news-accreditation"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}