# Incidents, national level

Each incident is a dated action by a government, an official, a regulator, a court or a legislature that limited journalists' ability to gather or publish news.

The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.

Filters: country, continent, tactic, stage, from, to, level, actor, leader, outlet, outcome, source_kind, has_case, plus q, sort (date, date_asc, country, tactic, relevance), per_page (up to 100), page and view (table or cards), as query parameters.

177 incidents match this view. Showing 27 on page 4 of 4.

| Date | Incident | Country | Tactic | Head of government | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 November 1985 | [South Africa bans television and photographic coverage of unrest under a state of emergency](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1985-south-africa-state-of-emergency-media-ban) | [South Africa](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/za) ([RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Shutdowns and blocking](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/shutdowns_and_blocking) | [P. W. Botha](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/p-w-botha) | Reversed (1 June 1990) |
| 25 October 1983 | [United States military bars journalists from the invasion of Grenada](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1983-us-grenada-press-exclusion) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Access bans](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/access_ban) | [Ronald Reagan](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/ronald-reagan) | Reversed (1 April 1985) |
| 13 December 1981 | [Poland's martial law government shuts nearly all newspapers and interns journalists overnight](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1981-poland-martial-law-press-suspended) | [Poland](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/pl) ([RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Shutdowns and blocking](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/shutdowns_and_blocking) | [Wojciech Jaruzelski](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/wojciech-jaruzelski) | Reversed (22 July 1983) |
| 1980 | [Haiti's Duvalier government arrests and deports Radio Haiti-Inter staff, driving its director into exile](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1981-haiti-duvalier-radio-haiti-inter-exile) | [Haiti](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/ht) ([RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Expulsion and visa denial](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/expulsion_and_visa_denial) | [Jean-Claude Duvalier](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/jean-claude-duvalier) | Reversed (1 February 1986) |
| 31 July 1980 | [South Korea's martial-law government purges journalists who resisted press controls](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1980-south-korea-chun-doo-hwan-press-purge) | [South Korea](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/kr) ([RSF 2026 rank: 47th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Licensing and closure of outlets](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/outlet_licensing) | [Chun Doo-hwan](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/chun-doo-hwan) | Reversed (1 June 1987) |
| 24 March 1976 | [Argentina's military junta threatens journalists with prison for reporting on its opponents](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1976-argentina-junta-press-decrees) | [Argentina](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/ar) ([RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Detention and violence](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/detention_and_violence) | [Jorge Rafael Videla](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/jorge-videla) | Reversed (10 December 1983) |
| 26 June 1975 | [India imposes pre-press controls on every newspaper during the 1975 Emergency](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1975-india-emergency-press-censorship) | [India](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/in) ([RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [Indira Gandhi](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/indira-gandhi) | Reversed (21 March 1977) |
| 11 September 1973 | [Chile's military government shuts opposition radio stations and newspapers after the 1973 coup](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1973-chile-coup-press-shutdown) | [Chile](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/cl) ([RSF 2026 rank: 70th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Shutdowns and blocking](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/shutdowns_and_blocking) | [Augusto Pinochet](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/augusto-pinochet) | Sustained (1 March 1990) |
| 21 September 1972 | [Philippines President Marcos closes every major news outlet under martial law](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1972-philippines-marcos-martial-law-media-closures) | [Philippines](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/ph) ([RSF 2026 rank: 114th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Shutdowns and blocking](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/shutdowns_and_blocking) | [Ferdinand Marcos](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/ferdinand-marcos) | Reversed (25 February 1986) |
| 9 September 1971 | [United States: Nixon White House "enemies list" naming journalists, September 1971](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1971-nixon-white-house-compiles-enemies-list) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Surveillance and subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas) | [Richard Nixon](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/richard-nixon) | Unknown |
| 16 August 1971 | [Nixon White House compiles an enemies list naming journalists for official pressure](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1971-us-nixon-enemies-list) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Surveillance and subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas) | [Richard Nixon](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/richard-nixon) | Reversed (27 June 1973) |
| 15 June 1971 | [United States government seeks an injunction to stop The New York Times publishing the Pentagon Papers](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1971-us-pentagon-papers-injunction) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [Richard Nixon](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/richard-nixon) | Reversed (30 June 1971) |
| 1969 | [United States Supreme Court rules reporters have no privilege to refuse grand jury subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Surveillance and subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas) | [Richard Nixon](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/richard-nixon) | Upheld by a court (29 June 1972) |
| 21 August 1968 | [Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia is followed by the return of government press controls](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1968-czechoslovakia-normalization-censorship) | [Czechia](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/cz) ([RSF 2026 rank: 11th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/country-czechia)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [Alexander Dubček](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/alexander-dubcek) | Reversed (1 November 1989) |
| 24 May 1960 | [Egypt's Nasser government nationalizes every newspaper and magazine in the country](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1960-egypt-nasser-nationalizes-press) | [Egypt](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/eg) ([RSF 2026 rank: 169th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Funding and ownership pressure](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/funding_and_ownership_pressure) | [Gamal Abdel Nasser](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/gamal-abdel-nasser) | Ongoing (1 January 1989) |
| November 1955 | [United States Senate panel subpoenas dozens of New York Times journalists over Communist ties](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1955-us-eastland-subcommittee-subpoenas-new-york-times) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Surveillance and subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas) | [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/dwight-d-eisenhower) | Sustained (1 December 1956) |
| 17 July 1950 | [South Africa's Suppression of Communism Act lets the government ban publications and restrict individuals](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1950-south-africa-suppression-of-communism-act) | [South Africa](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/za) ([RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [Daniel François Malan](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/daniel-francois-malan) | Reversed (31 July 1991) |
| 1948 | [Israel retains a British-era law giving the military the power to review and restrict the press](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1948-israel-military-censorship-established) | [Israel](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/il) ([RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [David Ben-Gurion](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/david-ben-gurion) | Ongoing (1 January 1989) |
| 16 April 1944 | [Australia's wartime government seizes a Sydney newspaper edition under press controls rules](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1944-australia-calwell-newspaper-seizure) | [Australia](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/au) ([RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [John Curtin](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/john-curtin) | Reversed (18 April 1944) |
| 19 December 1941 | [United States creates an Office of Censorship and a wartime code for the press](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/franklin-d-roosevelt) | Sustained (28 September 1945) |
| 1939 | [Brazil's Vargas government creates a state messaging department with broad press powers](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1939-brazil-vargas-creates-dip) | [Brazil](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/br) ([RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Licensing and closure of outlets](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/outlet_licensing) | [Getúlio Vargas](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/getulio-vargas) | Reversed (1 January 1945) |
| April 1938 | [Franco's Spain requires state permission to be a journalist under a wartime Press Law](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1938-spain-franco-press-law) | [Spain](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/es) ([RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Credential control](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/credential_control) | [Francisco Franco](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/francisco-franco) | Reversed (1 April 1977) |
| 4 October 1933 | [Nazi Germany's Editors Law bars Jewish journalists from the press and puts editors under state direction](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-germany-editors-law) | [Germany](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/de) ([RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Credential control](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/credential_control) | [Adolf Hitler](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/adolf-hitler) | Reversed (8 May 1945) |
| 1933 | [Portugal's Salazar government formally establishes press controls under a new constitution](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship) | [Portugal](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/pt) ([RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [António de Oliveira Salazar](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/antonio-salazar) | Reversed (25 April 1974) |
| 1922 | [Soviet Russia creates Glavlit, a central office to review all printed material before publication](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship) | [Russia](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/ru) ([RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Prior restraint](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/prior_restraint) | [Vladimir Lenin](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/vladimir-lenin) | Ongoing (1 January 1989) |
| July 1917 | [United States postmaster bars the magazine The Masses from the mail under the Espionage Act](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Secrets and espionage laws](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/secrets_and_espionage_laws) | [Woodrow Wilson](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/woodrow-wilson) | Upheld by a court (1 November 1917) |
| 1917 | [United States Postmaster General Burleson strips the Milwaukee Leader of its mailing rate](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Shutdowns and blocking](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/shutdowns_and_blocking) | [Woodrow Wilson](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/woodrow-wilson) | Upheld by a court (7 March 1921) |

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