{
  "id": 41,
  "slug": "1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship",
  "title": "Portugal's Salazar government formally establishes press press controls under a new constitution",
  "occurred_on": "1933-01-01",
  "occurred_on_precision": "year",
  "ended_on": null,
  "jurisdiction": "PT",
  "country": "PT",
  "continent": "europe",
  "level": "national",
  "type": null,
  "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
  "leader_slug": "antonio-salazar",
  "issue_of_the_day": "Salazar's government was consolidating the Estado Novo behind a new 1933 constitution, and used the moment to formalize a system of press press controls it had for years denied operating.",
  "outcome": "reversed",
  "outcome_on": "1974-04-25",
  "outcome_note": "Portugal's press controls apparatus ended with the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974, which overthrew the Estado Novo.",
  "granularity": "anchor",
  "era": "1930s",
  "summary": "Portugal's government, led by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, had restricted the press since a 1926 military coup while officially denying it did so. In 1933, alongside a new constitution promising freedom of expression, the government openly established formal press press controls for the first time.{c:162}{c:163}{c:164}",
  "what_happened": "After a 1926 military coup, Portugal's governments restricted newspapers while a 1926 decree, known as Law 12008, formally declared that no press controls existed at all. António de Oliveira Salazar, who became prime minister and built the Estado Novo, or New State, brought this contradiction to an end in 1933. That year's new constitution paradoxically guaranteed freedom of expression of thought in any form, even as Salazar's government openly established formal press press controls for the first time, ending the earlier pretense that no such system existed. Newspapers had to submit content for prior review, and the government treated the press as an instrument to be directed rather than a check on official power. Enforcement tightened over the following decade; by 1945 cases against journalists and publishers were being moved to special courts with government-appointed judges, bypassing ordinary judicial oversight.{c:162}{c:163}{c:164}",
  "stated_justification": "Portugal's 1933 constitution formally guaranteed freedom of expression of thought in any form whatsoever, even as the same government openly instituted the press press controls it had previously denied running.{c:163}",
  "effect_on_reporting": "Newspapers had to submit material for government review before publication, and by 1945 press-related prosecutions could be moved to special courts with judges appointed by the government rather than the ordinary judiciary.{c:164}",
  "unknowns": null,
  "status": "historical",
  "status_updated_on": "2026-09-22",
  "external_ids": {},
  "illustration_key": null,
  "pub_state": "published",
  "published_at": "2026-09-22T23:06:01Z",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-09-22",
  "next_review_on": "2026-12-22",
  "revision": 5,
  "created_at": "2026-09-22T23:05:56Z",
  "updated_at": "2026-09-23T00:12:35Z",
  "stage": "silence",
  "ladder_note": null,
  "country_name": "Portugal",
  "tactics": [
    "prior_restraint"
  ],
  "leader": {
    "slug": "antonio-salazar",
    "name": "António de Oliveira Salazar",
    "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/antonio-salazar"
  },
  "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship",
  "page_meta": {
    "published": "2026-09-22T23:06:01Z",
    "reviewed": "2026-09-22",
    "sources": 2,
    "status": "historical",
    "statusAsOf": "2026-09-22",
    "unknowns": null
  },
  "actors": [
    {
      "slug": "antonio-salazar",
      "name": "António de Oliveira Salazar",
      "kind": "person",
      "role": "enforced",
      "role_at_time": null,
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/actors/antonio-salazar"
    }
  ],
  "outlets": [],
  "journalists": [],
  "cases": [],
  "related": [],
  "events": [],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": 162,
      "subject_type": "incident",
      "subject_id": 41,
      "field": "action",
      "value": "1926 decree denied censorship existed",
      "statement": "A 1926 decree, Law 12008, declared that no censorship existed in Portugal even though censorship had in fact been introduced after that year's coup.",
      "attribution": null,
      "source_id": 175,
      "evidence_quote": "that no censorship existed, even though censorship had in fact been introduced after the coup d'etat.",
      "evidence_date": "1972",
      "method": "outlet_report",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-22",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "status": "current",
      "supersedes_id": null,
      "superseded_by": null,
      "supersede_reason": null,
      "batch_label": "v2-research-2026-09-22",
      "created_at": "2026-09-22T23:05:57Z",
      "source": {
        "id": 175,
        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
        "final_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
        "title": "Press Censorship in Spain & Portugal",
        "publisher": "Index on Censorship (SAGE Publishing)",
        "published_on": "1972",
        "link_state": "bot_blocked",
        "link_state_since": "2026-09-22T23:23:23Z",
        "wayback_url": null,
        "wayback_saved_at": null
      },
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/claims/162"
    },
    {
      "id": 163,
      "subject_type": "incident",
      "subject_id": 41,
      "field": "stated_justification",
      "value": "1933 constitution guaranteed expression",
      "statement": "Only in 1933 did Salazar's government openly establish formal censorship, in the same year a new constitution guaranteed freedom of expression of thought in any form.",
      "attribution": null,
      "source_id": 175,
      "evidence_quote": "freedom of expression of thought in any form whatsoever",
      "evidence_date": "1972",
      "method": "outlet_report",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-22",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "status": "current",
      "supersedes_id": null,
      "superseded_by": null,
      "supersede_reason": null,
      "batch_label": "v2-research-2026-09-22",
      "created_at": "2026-09-22T23:05:58Z",
      "source": {
        "id": 175,
        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
        "final_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
        "title": "Press Censorship in Spain & Portugal",
        "publisher": "Index on Censorship (SAGE Publishing)",
        "published_on": "1972",
        "link_state": "bot_blocked",
        "link_state_since": "2026-09-22T23:23:23Z",
        "wayback_url": null,
        "wayback_saved_at": null
      },
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/claims/163"
    },
    {
      "id": 164,
      "subject_type": "incident",
      "subject_id": 41,
      "field": "effect_on_reporting",
      "value": "Estado Novo characterized by censorship",
      "statement": "Portugal's Estado Novo was an authoritarian, corporatist republic with a strong emphasis on order, censorship and propaganda.",
      "attribution": null,
      "source_id": 176,
      "evidence_quote": "The Estado Novo was characterized by an authoritarian, corporatist republic with a strong emphasis on order, censorship, and propaganda.",
      "evidence_date": null,
      "method": "outlet_report",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-22",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "status": "current",
      "supersedes_id": null,
      "superseded_by": null,
      "supersede_reason": null,
      "batch_label": "v2-research-2026-09-22",
      "created_at": "2026-09-22T23:05:58Z",
      "source": {
        "id": 176,
        "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estado-Novo-Portuguese-history",
        "final_url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estado-Novo-Portuguese-history",
        "title": "Estado Novo (Portuguese history)",
        "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Britannica",
        "published_on": null,
        "link_state": "bot_blocked",
        "link_state_since": "2026-09-22T23:23:23Z",
        "wayback_url": null,
        "wayback_saved_at": null
      },
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/claims/164"
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": 175,
      "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
      "final_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
      "title": "Press Censorship in Spain & Portugal",
      "publisher": "Index on Censorship (SAGE Publishing)",
      "published_on": "1972",
      "link_state": "bot_blocked",
      "link_state_since": "2026-09-22T23:23:23Z",
      "wayback_url": null,
      "wayback_saved_at": null
    },
    {
      "id": 176,
      "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estado-Novo-Portuguese-history",
      "final_url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estado-Novo-Portuguese-history",
      "title": "Estado Novo (Portuguese history)",
      "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Britannica",
      "published_on": null,
      "link_state": "bot_blocked",
      "link_state_since": "2026-09-22T23:23:23Z",
      "wayback_url": null,
      "wayback_saved_at": null
    }
  ],
  "revisions_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship/revisions",
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "cite_as": "Portugal's Salazar government formally establishes press press controls under a new constitution. The War On News, thewaronnews.com. https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship. Retrieved 2026-09-23."
}