{
  "title": "Ladder: access bans, in Europe",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/access_ban?continent=europe",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "europe"
  },
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "tactic": {
    "slug": "access_ban",
    "name": "Access bans",
    "definition": "A government or official bars a reporter or a news organisation from places or events where news is gathered: briefings, government buildings, press pools, official trips or court hearings. The ban may be announced, or made by refusing entry without notice. It does not stop publication, but it cuts reporters off from officials and from events that other outlets can still cover.",
    "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/access_ban"
  },
  "focal_case": "US",
  "count": 3,
  "stages": [
    {
      "stage": "punish",
      "name": "Punish",
      "definition": "Legal or physical action against individual journalists or sources: subpoenas and record seizures, prosecutions, arrests, detention, expulsions, visa denials, assault where a government actor is involved.",
      "rungs": [
        {
          "slug": "2020-belarus-strips-accreditation-foreign-outlets",
          "title": "Belarus: accreditation withdrawn from 17 journalists working for foreign outlets",
          "occurred_on": "2020-08-29",
          "occurred_on_precision": "day",
          "stage": "punish",
          "focal_case": false,
          "country": "BY",
          "country_name": "Belarus",
          "continent": "europe",
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 165,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 165th of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "leader_slug": "alexander-lukashenko",
          "leader_name": "Alexander Lukashenko",
          "what_was_done": "Belarus's government revoked the accreditation of at least 17 journalists working for foreign outlets, including the BBC, Reuters, the Associated Press, Radio Liberty, AFP and Deutsche Welle, as they covered protests after a disputed presidential election.",
          "outcome": "sustained",
          "outcome_on": "2020-08-29",
          "outcome_note": "The accreditation of at least 17 journalists was withdrawn and some were deported the same day, with no reversal reported in the source reviewed.",
          "ladder_note": "At least 17 journalists working for named international outlets lost accreditation nationwide and some were deported, not confined to one building or pool.",
          "sources_count": 3,
          "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
          "tactics": [
            "access_ban"
          ],
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-belarus-strips-accreditation-foreign-outlets"
        },
        {
          "slug": "2022-russia-bars-entry-foreign-journalists",
          "title": "Russia: entry bans, visa restrictions and bureau closures for foreign correspondents",
          "occurred_on": "2022-06-16",
          "occurred_on_precision": "day",
          "stage": "punish",
          "focal_case": false,
          "country": "RU",
          "country_name": "Russia",
          "continent": "europe",
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 172,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "leader_slug": "vladimir-putin",
          "leader_name": "Vladimir Putin",
          "what_was_done": "Over several months in 2022, Russian authorities closed a Canadian broadcaster's Moscow bureau, barred dozens of named British and Australian journalists from entering the country, and suspended simplified visa rules for European journalists.",
          "outcome": "sustained",
          "outcome_on": "2022-06-16",
          "outcome_note": "The bans on named British and Australian journalists and the suspension of simplified visas for European journalists remained in effect through 2022 according to the source reviewed.",
          "ladder_note": "Dozens of named foreign correspondents were barred from entering the country by law and by sanction, not merely excluded from one building or briefing.",
          "sources_count": 4,
          "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
          "tactics": [
            "access_ban"
          ],
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2022-russia-bars-entry-foreign-journalists"
        },
        {
          "slug": "2026-hungary-mayor-removes-telex-reporters",
          "title": "Hungary: a ruling-party mayor forcibly removes Telex reporters from a campaign event",
          "occurred_on": "2026-03-10",
          "occurred_on_precision": "day",
          "stage": "punish",
          "focal_case": false,
          "country": "HU",
          "country_name": "Hungary",
          "continent": "europe",
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 74,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "leader_slug": "viktor-orban",
          "leader_name": "Viktor Orban",
          "what_was_done": "A mayor from Hungary's ruling Fidesz party physically removed two Telex journalists from a campaign forum in a community center, covering their camera lens and pushing them out after they declined to leave what he called a closed event.",
          "outcome": "ongoing",
          "outcome_on": "2026-03-10",
          "outcome_note": "Telex filed a criminal complaint the same period as the removal; the Committee to Protect Journalists reports no resolution of that complaint.",
          "ladder_note": "A government official used physical force to remove and bar named reporters from an event, rather than only denying a credential or building pass.",
          "sources_count": 3,
          "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
          "tactics": [
            "access_ban"
          ],
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2026-hungary-mayor-removes-telex-reporters"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/access_ban?continent=europe&format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/access_ban.json?continent=europe",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/access_ban.md?continent=europe"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}