{
  "title": "Ladder: expulsion and visa denial, in Africa",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/expulsion_and_visa_denial?continent=africa",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "africa"
  },
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "tactic": {
    "slug": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
    "name": "Expulsion and visa denial",
    "definition": "A government expels correspondents who report from its territory for news organisations based in other countries, refuses them visas or accreditation, or declines to renew their permission to stay. The effect is less independent reporting from inside the country.",
    "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/expulsion_and_visa_denial"
  },
  "focal_case": "US",
  "count": 1,
  "stages": [
    {
      "stage": "punish",
      "name": "Punish",
      "definition": "Legal or physical action against individual journalists or sources: subpoenas and record seizures, prosecutions, arrests, detention, expulsions, visa denials, assault where a government actor is involved.",
      "rungs": [
        {
          "slug": "2022-ethiopia-expels-tom-gardner",
          "title": "Ethiopia: Economist correspondent Tom Gardner expelled",
          "occurred_on": "2022-05-13",
          "occurred_on_precision": "day",
          "stage": "punish",
          "focal_case": false,
          "country": "ET",
          "country_name": "Ethiopia",
          "continent": "africa",
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 148,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "leader_slug": "abiy-ahmed",
          "leader_name": "Abiy Ahmed",
          "what_was_done": "Ethiopia's media regulator revoked The Economist correspondent Tom Gardner's press accreditation and gave him 48 hours to leave the country, citing unspecified conduct, almost a year after expelling a New York Times reporter.",
          "outcome": "sustained",
          "outcome_on": "2022-05-13",
          "outcome_note": "The expulsion was carried out and was not reported as reversed in the sources reviewed.",
          "ladder_note": "Ethiopia gave a foreign correspondent 48 hours to leave over unspecified conduct, the second such expulsion in a year; the White House ban restricted access to the briefing room, not to the country itself.",
          "sources_count": 2,
          "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
          "tactics": [
            "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
          ],
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2022-ethiopia-expels-tom-gardner"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/expulsion_and_visa_denial?continent=africa&format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/expulsion_and_visa_denial.json?continent=africa",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/expulsion_and_visa_denial.md?continent=africa"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}