{
  "title": "Ladder: surveillance and subpoenas, in Oceania",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/surveillance_and_subpoenas?continent=oceania",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "oceania"
  },
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "tactic": {
    "slug": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
    "name": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
    "definition": "A government collects journalists' communications or records, often to learn who their sources are. Methods include subpoenas (court orders to hand over records or to testify), search warrants, seizure of phones and notes, demands to telephone and internet companies, and spyware placed on reporters' devices.",
    "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas"
  },
  "focal_case": "US",
  "count": 2,
  "stages": [
    {
      "stage": "punish",
      "name": "Punish",
      "definition": "Legal or physical action against individual journalists or sources: subpoenas and record seizures, prosecutions, arrests, detention, expulsions, visa denials, assault where a government actor is involved.",
      "rungs": [
        {
          "slug": "2019-australia-afp-raids-abc-afghan-files",
          "title": "Australian Federal Police raid the national broadcaster over reporting on alleged war crimes in Afghanistan",
          "occurred_on": "2019-06-05",
          "occurred_on_precision": "day",
          "stage": "punish",
          "focal_case": false,
          "country": "AU",
          "country_name": "Australia",
          "continent": "oceania",
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 33,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "leader_slug": "scott-morrison",
          "leader_name": "Scott Morrison",
          "what_was_done": "Australian Federal Police spent hours searching the headquarters of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) over its 2017 \"Afghan Files\" reports on alleged killings by Australian special forces that breached the laws of armed conflict, seizing files under a warrant citing the Crimes Act's ban…",
          "outcome": "reversed",
          "outcome_on": "2020-10-15",
          "outcome_note": "The Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions decided in October 2020 not to charge journalist Dan Oakes over the Afghan Files reporting.",
          "ladder_note": null,
          "sources_count": 2,
          "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
          "tactics": [
            "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
            "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
          ],
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2019-australia-afp-raids-abc-afghan-files"
        },
        {
          "slug": "2020-australia-high-court-invalidates-smethurst-warrant",
          "title": "Australia's High Court invalidates warrant for raid on journalist Annika Smethurst",
          "occurred_on": "2020-04-15",
          "occurred_on_precision": "day",
          "stage": "punish",
          "focal_case": false,
          "country": "AU",
          "country_name": "Australia",
          "continent": "oceania",
          "rsf": {
            "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
            "year": 2026,
            "rank": 33,
            "of": 180,
            "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180",
            "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
          },
          "leader_slug": "scott-morrison",
          "leader_name": "Scott Morrison",
          "what_was_done": "Australia's High Court ruled that the warrant the Australian Federal Police used to raid News Corp journalist Annika Smethurst's home over a national-security leak was invalid, and weeks later the AFP said it would not lay charges against her, citing insufficient evidence.",
          "outcome": "reversed",
          "outcome_on": "2020-05-27",
          "outcome_note": "The High Court found the 2019 warrant invalid but declined to order the AFP to return or destroy the material it had seized; weeks later the AFP announced it would not charge Smethurst.",
          "ladder_note": null,
          "sources_count": 2,
          "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
          "tactics": [
            "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
          ],
          "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-australia-high-court-invalidates-smethurst-warrant"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/surveillance_and_subpoenas?continent=oceania&format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/surveillance_and_subpoenas.json?continent=oceania",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/ladders/surveillance_and_subpoenas.md?continent=oceania"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}