{
  "slug": "robert-mugabe",
  "name": "Robert Mugabe",
  "office": null,
  "role": "President of Zimbabwe",
  "country": "ZW",
  "actor_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/actors/robert-mugabe",
  "incident_count": 1,
  "incidents": [
    {
      "slug": "2002-zimbabwe-aippa-media-licensing",
      "title": "Zimbabwe enacts a law requiring all journalists and media houses to hold government licenses",
      "occurred_on": "2002-03-15",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "ZW",
      "country_name": "Zimbabwe",
      "continent": "africa",
      "jurisdiction": "ZW",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "robert-mugabe",
      "leader_name": "Robert Mugabe",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Zimbabwe's contested March 2002 presidential election, in which President Mugabe faced international criticism over the vote's conduct.",
      "outcome": "unknown",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The record reviewed documents a 2007 amendment easing individual accreditation but does not establish to day precision when AIPPA's licensing framework was repealed.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 124,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2000s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Zimbabwe's parliament passed the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA), requiring every journalist and media company to obtain a government license renewed every two years, weeks before a closely contested 2002 presidential election.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2002-zimbabwe-aippa-media-licensing"
    }
  ],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/robert-mugabe?format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/robert-mugabe.json",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/robert-mugabe.md"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}