{
  "title": "Search: prior restraint in Europe, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=europe&tactic=prior_restraint&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "europe",
    "tactic": "prior_restraint",
    "outcome": "sustained"
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  "sort": "date",
  "count": 2,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "GR",
        "label": "Greece",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "GB",
        "label": "United Kingdom",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
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        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "georgios-tsolakoglou",
        "label": "Georgios Tsolakoglou"
      },
      {
        "value": "herbert-asquith",
        "label": "Herbert Henry Asquith"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1914",
        "label": "1914",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 2
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1941-greece-directorate-general-press-radio",
      "title": "Greece: collaborationist government creates a Directorate-General for Press and Radio to review films and publications before release",
      "occurred_on": "1941-05-08",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GR",
      "country_name": "Greece",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "georgios-tsolakoglou",
      "leader_name": "Georgios Tsolakoglou",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The film and publication review apparatus operated during the Axis occupation of Greece, which began in April 1941 when Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria divided the country into occupation zones.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The Directorate-General continued to license and review films and publications, with German Embassy oversight, through the years covered by its surviving archive.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "1940s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The collaborationist government installed in occupied Greece created a Directorate-General for Press and Radio to take over and expand the prior review powers of the prewar Metaxas dictatorship, requiring official permission before films, plays, music, and publications could reach the public. German Embassy officials reviewed the same material and could overrule the Greek reviewers.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-greece-directorate-general-press-radio"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage",
      "title": "Britain's Official Press Bureau controls newspaper coverage of the First World War",
      "occurred_on": "1914-08-27",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GB",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "herbert-asquith",
      "leader_name": "Herbert Henry Asquith",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Britain had just entered the First World War, and the government sought to prevent newspapers from publishing information that might aid German forces or reveal the movements of British troops.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1914-11-12",
      "outcome_note": "The Press Bureau continued controlling war news months later, when members of Parliament again raised complaints in the House of Commons on November 12, 1914.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 18,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after Britain entered the First World War, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith told the House of Commons that the Official Press Bureau was the sole channel through which the Admiralty, the War Office and other departments released naval and military information to newspapers. Members of Parliament later complained in the Commons that the Bureau delayed and withheld war news from the public.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}