{
  "title": "Search: credential control in Europe, stage: silence",
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  "filters": {
    "continent": "europe",
    "tactic": "credential_control",
    "stage": "silence"
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  "count": 2,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "DE",
        "label": "Germany",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
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        "label": "Credential control",
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      {
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        "count": 1
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        "count": 2
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        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 2
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    ],
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      {
        "value": "adolf-hitler",
        "label": "Adolf Hitler"
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      {
        "value": "francisco-franco",
        "label": "Francisco Franco"
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    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 2
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    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1933",
        "label": "1933",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1938",
        "label": "1938",
        "count": 1
      }
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      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 2
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  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1938-spain-franco-press-law",
      "title": "Franco's Spain requires state permission to be a journalist under a wartime Press Law",
      "occurred_on": "1938-04-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "ES",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "francisco-franco",
      "leader_name": "Francisco Franco",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Franco's Nationalist forces were still fighting Spain's civil war in April 1938 and used the new Press Law to consolidate direct control over which newspapers could exist and who could work as a journalist within them.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1977-04-01",
      "outcome_note": "Spain abolished prior press controls by decree in April 1977, after Franco's 1975 death, ahead of the 1978 constitution that guaranteed freedom of the press.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 29,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "While Spain's civil war continued, the Nationalist government led by Francisco Franco enacted a Press Law in April 1938 requiring government permission to found a newspaper, work as a journalist or direct a paper, alongside continued pre-publication press controls and years-long prison terms for vaguely defined offenses.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1938-spain-franco-press-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-germany-editors-law",
      "title": "Nazi Germany's Editors Law bars Jewish journalists from the press and puts editors under state direction",
      "occurred_on": "1933-10-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "DE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "adolf-hitler",
      "leader_name": "Adolf Hitler",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Hitler's government, in power only since January 1933, was consolidating control over German public life and moved within months to bring newspapers and their editors directly under state and party direction.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1945-05-08",
      "outcome_note": "The Editors Law and the Reich Press Chamber ended with Nazi Germany's defeat and unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 14,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Nine months after Adolf Hitler became chancellor, Germany's Schriftleitergesetz, or Editors Law, required journalists to register with a new state-controlled Reich Press Chamber and barred non-Aryans from the profession, while directing editors to omit anything judged harmful to the Reich's standing.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-germany-editors-law"
    }
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    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}