{
  "title": "Search: expulsion and visa denial in North America",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=north-america&tactic=expulsion_and_visa_denial&view=cards",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "north-america",
    "tactic": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
    "view": "cards"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 3,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "HT",
        "label": "Haiti",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 107,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "NI",
        "label": "Nicaragua",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 168,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "eliminate",
        "label": "Eliminate",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "daniel-ortega",
        "label": "Daniel Ortega"
      },
      {
        "value": "jean-claude-duvalier",
        "label": "Jean-Claude Duvalier"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1980",
        "label": "1980",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2023-nicaragua-strips-journalists-citizenship",
      "title": "Nicaragua strips 94 political opponents, including journalists, of citizenship",
      "occurred_on": "2023-02-15",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "NI",
      "country_name": "Nicaragua",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "NI",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "daniel-ortega",
      "leader_name": "Daniel Ortega",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The rulings followed years of pressure on Nicaragua's independent press, including the earlier forced closure of the country's oldest newspaper, La Prensa, and came days after Ortega's government released 222 jailed dissidents to the United States and stripped their citizenship as well.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "Citizenship was not restored to those named; Ortega's government continued comparable actions against critics afterward.",
      "stage": "eliminate",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 168,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Nicaraguan appeals court stripped 94 government opponents, including exiled journalists Carlos Fernando Chamorro and Alvaro Navarro, of their citizenship, days after President Daniel Ortega released 222 political prisoners to the United States and immediately declared them stateless too.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2023-nicaragua-strips-journalists-citizenship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2018-nicaragua-expels-goette-luciak",
      "title": "Nicaragua: freelance correspondent detained and deported after online campaign",
      "occurred_on": "2018-09-16",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "NI",
      "country_name": "Nicaragua",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "NI",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "daniel-ortega",
      "leader_name": "Daniel Ortega",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2018-09-30",
      "outcome_note": "The deportation was not reported as reversed; the sources reviewed record at least 50 Nicaraguan journalists in exile by mid-2019.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "A freelance correspondent's home address was circulated online in a coordinated campaign, then he was detained and deported from Nicaragua; no comparable United States action in the record has removed a journalist from the country.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 168,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A coordinated online campaign accused freelance correspondent Carl David Goette-Luciak of being a foreign agent and circulated his home address, after which he was detained and deported from Nicaragua in September 2018.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2018-nicaragua-expels-goette-luciak"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1981-haiti-duvalier-radio-haiti-inter-exile",
      "title": "Haiti's Duvalier government arrests and deports Radio Haiti-Inter staff, driving its director into exile",
      "occurred_on": "1980-11-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "HT",
      "country_name": "Haiti",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "HT",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "jean-claude-duvalier",
      "leader_name": "Jean-Claude Duvalier",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Radio Haiti-Inter had built a reputation for independent reporting critical of the Duvalier government at a time when most Haitian media avoided such coverage, drawing sustained official friction toward the station.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1986-02-01",
      "outcome_note": "Jean Dominique returned to Haiti and to Radio Haiti-Inter in February 1986 after the fall of President-for-life Jean-Claude Duvalier's government.",
      "stage": "eliminate",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 107,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1980s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Under President Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haitian authorities arrested and deported staff of Radio Haiti-Inter, an independent station that had reported critically on the government, forcing its director, journalist Jean Dominique, into exile after security forces raided the station on November 28, 1980. He returned only after Duvalier's government fell in 1986.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1981-haiti-duvalier-radio-haiti-inter-exile"
    }
  ],
  "other_results": [],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=north-america&tactic=expulsion_and_visa_denial&view=cards&format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.json?continent=north-america&tactic=expulsion_and_visa_denial&view=cards",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?continent=north-america&tactic=expulsion_and_visa_denial&view=cards"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}