{
  "title": "Search: licensing and closure of outlets in South America, national level",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=south-america&tactic=outlet_licensing&level=national",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "south-america",
    "tactic": "outlet_licensing",
    "level": "national"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 3,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "AR",
        "label": "Argentina",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 98,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "BR",
        "label": "Brazil",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 52,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "VE",
        "label": "Venezuela",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 159,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "getulio-vargas",
        "label": "Getúlio Vargas"
      },
      {
        "value": "hugo-chavez",
        "label": "Hugo Chavez"
      },
      {
        "value": "javier-milei",
        "label": "Javier Milei"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1939",
        "label": "1939",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2007",
        "label": "2007",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2024-argentina-milei-closes-telam",
      "title": "Milei's government shuts down Argentina's state news agency Telam",
      "occurred_on": "2024-03-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "AR",
      "country_name": "Argentina",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "AR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "javier-milei",
      "leader_name": "Javier Milei",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Milei had campaigned against what he called wasteful and politically one-sided state spending, and Telam, founded in 1945, had long been associated with the governments of the Kirchner political movement he defeated in the 2023 election.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "Telam's original newsroom remained closed; the agency was later reorganized as a smaller state communications operation.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 98,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "President Javier Milei's government fenced off and shut down Telam, Argentina's state-owned news agency, calling it a public-relations operation for the prior Kirchnerist governments; unions and journalist groups called the closure one of the most serious blows to press freedom in decades of Argentine democracy.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-argentina-milei-closes-telam"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2007-venezuela-rctv-license-not-renewed",
      "title": "Venezuela: the government declines to renew RCTV's broadcast concession",
      "occurred_on": "2007-05-27",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "VE",
      "country_name": "Venezuela",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "VE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "hugo-chavez",
      "leader_name": "Hugo Chavez",
      "issue_of_the_day": "President Hugo Chavez's government accused RCTV of supporting the failed April 2002 coup attempt against him, an accusation the government cited alongside the concession's scheduled expiration.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2015-09-08",
      "outcome_note": "A regional human rights court found in 2015 that the 2007 non-renewal violated free expression, but the source reviewed does not report RCTV's return to open-signal broadcasting.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": "The country's most-watched television channel lost its national broadcast concession entirely, later found by an international court to have been aimed at ending its critical coverage.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 159,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2000s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Venezuela's government let Radio Caracas Television's twenty-year broadcast concession expire rather than renew it, replacing the country's most-watched channel with a new state broadcaster; a regional human rights court later found the decision violated free expression.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2007-venezuela-rctv-license-not-renewed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1939-brazil-vargas-creates-dip",
      "title": "Brazil's Vargas government creates a state messaging department with broad press powers",
      "occurred_on": "1939-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "BR",
      "country_name": "Brazil",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "BR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "getulio-vargas",
      "leader_name": "Getúlio Vargas",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Vargas had ruled by decree since 1937 under the Estado Novo and used the DIP to promote his government's program and nationalist agenda while suppressing coverage critical of his rule.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1945-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "The DIP was dissolved in 1945 when the military removed Vargas from power and the Estado Novo dictatorship ended.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 52,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "President Getúlio Vargas created the Department of Press and state messaging in 1939 during Brazil's Estado Novo dictatorship, giving the government direct control over what newspapers, radio and film could publish. The department operated as a central instrument of press controls for six years, until the Estado Novo ended in 1945.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1939-brazil-vargas-creates-dip"
    }
  ],
  "other_results": [],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=south-america&tactic=outlet_licensing&level=national&format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.json?continent=south-america&tactic=outlet_licensing&level=national",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?continent=south-america&tactic=outlet_licensing&level=national"
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}