{
  "title": "Search: funding and ownership pressure in South America",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=south-america&tactic=funding_and_ownership_pressure",
  "filters": {
    "continent": "south-america",
    "tactic": "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 2,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "AR",
        "label": "Argentina",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 98,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "EC",
        "label": "Ecuador",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 125,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 125th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "javier-milei",
        "label": "Javier Milei"
      },
      {
        "value": "rafael-correa",
        "label": "Rafael Correa"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 2
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2024-argentina-milei-closes-telam",
      "title": "Milei's government shuts down Argentina's state news agency Telam",
      "occurred_on": "2024-03-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "AR",
      "country_name": "Argentina",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "AR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "javier-milei",
      "leader_name": "Javier Milei",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Milei had campaigned against what he called wasteful and politically one-sided state spending, and Telam, founded in 1945, had long been associated with the governments of the Kirchner political movement he defeated in the 2023 election.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "Telam's original newsroom remained closed; the agency was later reorganized as a smaller state communications operation.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 98,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "President Javier Milei's government fenced off and shut down Telam, Argentina's state-owned news agency, calling it a public-relations operation for the prior Kirchnerist governments; unions and journalist groups called the closure one of the most serious blows to press freedom in decades of Argentine democracy.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-argentina-milei-closes-telam"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2013-ecuador-communications-law-supercom",
      "title": "Ecuador's Organic Communication Law creates a regulator that issues hundreds of sanctions against journalists and outlets",
      "occurred_on": "2013-06-25",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "EC",
      "country_name": "Ecuador",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "EC",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "insult_and_defamation_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "rafael-correa",
      "leader_name": "Rafael Correa",
      "issue_of_the_day": "President Correa's long-running public disputes with Ecuadorian media over their coverage of his government, including a separate 2011 libel case against the newspaper El Universo.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2019-02-20",
      "outcome_note": "President Lenin Moreno's government moved to eliminate SUPERCOM in 2018, and the reform of the Communication Law was published in the Official Register on February 20, 2019; Fundamedios director Cesar Ricaurte said the surrounding legal framework nonetheless remained \"intact.\"",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 125,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 125th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Ecuador's National Assembly passed the Organic Communication Law under President Rafael Correa, creating the Superintendency of Information and Communication (SUPERCOM), a regulator that issued more than 675 sanctions against journalists and media outlets over the following four years.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-ecuador-communications-law-supercom"
    }
  ],
  "other_results": [],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}