{
  "title": "Search: prior restraint in Russia",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?country=RU&tactic=prior_restraint&view=cards",
  "filters": {
    "country": "RU",
    "tactic": "prior_restraint",
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  "count": 1,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "RU",
        "label": "Russia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 172,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
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        "label": "Europe"
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    "tactic": [
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        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
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      {
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        "label": "Prior restraint",
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      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 1
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    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "vladimir-lenin",
        "label": "Vladimir Lenin"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 1
      }
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    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1922",
        "label": "1922",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
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      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 1
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  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship",
      "title": "Soviet Russia creates Glavlit, a central office to review all printed material before publication",
      "occurred_on": "1922-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "RU",
      "country_name": "Russia",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "RU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "vladimir-lenin",
      "leader_name": "Vladimir Lenin",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The new Soviet government, having just consolidated power after years of revolution and civil war, sought a single, centrally controlled system to replace the uncoordinated military and civilian press controls bodies it had inherited.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": "1989-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "Glavlit's authority over publishing was still largely intact through the 1980s, though its standards were relaxed from 1988 under Gorbachev's glasnost policy before its 1991 dissolution.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 172,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In 1922, under Vladimir Lenin's government, Soviet Russia created Glavlit, a single agency with final authority to review newspapers, books, plays and even posters before they could be printed or performed. By 1930 no publication in the Soviet Union could appear without its approval.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship"
    }
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    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?country=RU&tactic=prior_restraint&view=cards"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}