{
  "title": "Search in the United States, national level",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?country=US&level=national&page=2",
  "filters": {
    "country": "US",
    "level": "national",
    "page": "2"
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  "sort": "date",
  "count": 55,
  "page": 2,
  "pages": 2,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 15
      },
      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 6
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      {
        "value": "lawsuits_against_press",
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        "count": 6
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        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 6
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        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 3
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        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
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        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
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        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 1
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        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 1
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        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 15
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      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 17
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        "label": "Punish",
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        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 5
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        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 55
      }
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    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 14
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        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 7
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "barack-obama",
        "label": "Barack Obama"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "dwight-d-eisenhower",
        "label": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"
      },
      {
        "value": "franklin-d-roosevelt",
        "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-hw-bush",
        "label": "George H. W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-w-bush",
        "label": "George W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "joe-biden",
        "label": "Joe Biden"
      },
      {
        "value": "richard-nixon",
        "label": "Richard Nixon"
      },
      {
        "value": "ronald-reagan",
        "label": "Ronald Reagan"
      },
      {
        "value": "theodore-roosevelt",
        "label": "Theodore Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "value": "woodrow-wilson",
        "label": "Woodrow Wilson"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 26
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1970s",
        "label": "1970s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1990s",
        "label": "1990s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1950s",
        "label": "1950s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1960s",
        "label": "1960s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1900s",
        "label": "1900s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1909",
        "label": "1909",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1917",
        "label": "1917",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1918",
        "label": "1918",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1942",
        "label": "1942",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1953",
        "label": "1953",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1955",
        "label": "1955",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1969",
        "label": "1969",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1971",
        "label": "1971",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1983",
        "label": "1983",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1985",
        "label": "1985",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1989",
        "label": "1989",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1990",
        "label": "1990",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1991",
        "label": "1991",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2003",
        "label": "2003",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2005",
        "label": "2005",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010",
        "label": "2010",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2014",
        "label": "2014",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2019",
        "label": "2019",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 18
      },
      {
        "value": "2026",
        "label": "2026",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 52
      },
      {
        "value": "1",
        "label": "with a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1918-us-espionage-act-conviction-of-editor-frohwerk",
      "title": "United States convicts newspaper editor Jacob Frohwerk under the Espionage Act, June 1918",
      "occurred_on": "1918-06-26",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War in April 1917 and introduced a national draft, and federal prosecutors brought Espionage Act cases against numerous newspapers and speakers who opposed the war effort.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1919-03-10",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court's ruling left Frohwerk's conviction and ten year sentence in place.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Jacob Frohwerk, an associate editor of the German language newspaper the Missouri Staats-Zeitung, was tried and convicted in June 1918 under the Espionage Act of 1917 for publishing articles opposing American participation in the First World War, and was sentenced to ten years in prison on each of twelve counts, to run concurrently. The Supreme Court of the United States upheld the conviction on March 10, 1919.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1918-us-espionage-act-conviction-of-editor-frohwerk"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail",
      "title": "United States postmaster bars the magazine The Masses from the mail under the Espionage Act",
      "occurred_on": "1917-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War three months earlier and introduced a military draft. The Masses had run cartoons and articles opposing the war and conscription, which the Post Office treated as material likely to obstruct recruiting.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1917-11-01",
      "outcome_note": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed Judge Hand's order later in 1917, and the Post Office's mail ban on The Masses stood.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after the United States entered the First World War, the New York postmaster used the new Espionage Act, a law against interfering with military recruitment, to bar the socialist magazine The Masses from the mail. A judge's order protecting the magazine was reversed on appeal.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-mother-earth-editor-emma-goldman-convicted-magazine-barred-from-mail",
      "title": "United States convicts Mother Earth editor Emma Goldman of draft conspiracy and bars her magazine from the mail",
      "occurred_on": "1917-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "detention_and_violence",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War in April 1917 and introduced a national draft that spring, and federal authorities moved against anarchists, socialists and other war opponents under new wartime laws.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1918-01-14",
      "outcome_note": "Goldman's conviction stood, and she was deported from the United States in 1919.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Emma Goldman, editor of the anarchist magazine Mother Earth, was convicted with fellow anarchist Alexander Berkman of conspiring against the newly enacted Selective Draft Law and received the maximum two year sentence and a ten thousand dollar fine. Postal authorities then withdrew Mother Earth's second class mailing privileges, and Goldman was deported from the United States in 1919.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-mother-earth-editor-emma-goldman-convicted-magazine-barred-from-mail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader",
      "title": "United States Postmaster General Burleson strips the Milwaukee Leader of its mailing rate",
      "occurred_on": "1917-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Leader had published articles criticizing United States participation in the First World War and the draft, which the Post Office treated as violations of the Espionage Act's ban on obstructing military recruitment.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1921-03-07",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the revocation of the Leader's mailing rate 7 to 2 in United States ex rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Postmaster General Albert Burleson used the wartime Espionage Act to strip the Milwaukee Leader, a socialist daily, of its low-cost second-class mailing rate, cutting off its main channel to readers. The Supreme Court upheld the revocation in 1921, over two dissents warning it amounted to press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1909-us-panama-canal-libel-prosecutions",
      "title": "United States: President Theodore Roosevelt seeks criminal libel indictments against the New York World and the Indianapolis News over Panama Canal reporting",
      "occurred_on": "1909-03-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "lawsuits_against_press"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "theodore-roosevelt",
      "leader_name": "Theodore Roosevelt",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The New York World and the Indianapolis News had published reports on who had profited from the United States' purchase of the Panama Canal, reports that Roosevelt disputed as libelous.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1911-01-03",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court's 1911 ruling that no federal criminal libel law existed for offenses on federal enclaves left the World and the News without convictions and was later described as an early safeguard for the freedom of the press.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1900s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "President Theodore Roosevelt sought federal criminal libel indictments against the publishers of the New York World and the Indianapolis News after they reported that he and other officials had profited from the United States' purchase of the Panama Canal. Federal courts in New York and Indiana dismissed the indictments, and the Supreme Court upheld that result in 1911.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1909-us-panama-canal-libel-prosecutions"
    }
  ],
  "other_results": [],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}