{
  "title": "Search: detention and violence in the United States, national level",
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    "country": "US",
    "tactic": "detention_and_violence",
    "level": "national"
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  "count": 4,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
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        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
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        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "sustained",
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        "value": "barack-obama",
        "label": "Barack Obama"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-hw-bush",
        "label": "George H. W. Bush"
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        "label": "Joe Biden"
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    {
      "slug": "2021-fbi-raids-project-veritas-founder-okeefe",
      "title": "FBI raids Project Veritas founder's home over Ashley Biden diary investigation",
      "occurred_on": "2021-11-06",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-NY",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "joe-biden",
      "leader_name": "Joe Biden",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Project Veritas had obtained and reported on a diary purportedly belonging to Ashley Biden during the 2020 campaign; federal prosecutors were investigating how the diary had been obtained and transported across state lines.",
      "outcome": "unknown",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "No charges were ever filed against O'Keefe; a court later allowed prosecutors to review the seized phones.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "FBI agents raided Project Veritas founder James O'Keefe's New York home and seized his phones as part of an investigation into the alleged theft of a diary belonging to Ashley Biden, President Biden's daughter, which the group had reported on; O'Keefe was never charged.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2021-fbi-raids-project-veritas-founder-okeefe"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-federal-officers-target-journalists-portland-injunction",
      "title": "Federal officers restrict press access to Portland protests; judge orders them to stop",
      "occurred_on": "2020-07-23",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-OR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "detention_and_violence"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "donald-trump",
      "leader_name": "Donald Trump",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The federal government sent Department of Homeland Security officers to Portland in July 2020 to protect a federal courthouse during nightly protests that followed George Floyd's killing; officers' use of force against bystanders, including identified journalists, prompted the lawsuit.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2020-07-23",
      "outcome_note": "On July 23, 2020, the court ordered federal agents to stop dispersing, arresting or using force against identified journalists and legal observers; the order was later extended.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "reversed",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "After federal officers deployed to Portland used tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets on journalists and legal observers covering protests, the American Civil Liberties Union sued, and a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction barring officers from dispersing, arresting or using force against clearly identified press.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-federal-officers-target-journalists-portland-injunction"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2010-us-chelsea-manning-espionage-act-wikileaks",
      "title": "United States charges Army analyst Chelsea Manning under the Espionage Act for leaking to WikiLeaks",
      "occurred_on": "2010-07-05",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "barack-obama",
      "leader_name": "Barack Obama",
      "issue_of_the_day": "United States conduct of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and detainee treatment, including the CIA's interrogation program.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2017-01-17",
      "outcome_note": "Manning's convictions were not overturned, but President Obama commuted her 35-year sentence in January 2017 and she was released that May.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The U.S. Army charged intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning under the Espionage Act, a 1917 law against disclosing defense information, after she gave WikiLeaks, a website that publishes leaked documents, a large archive of military and diplomatic files that news organizations later published.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2010-us-chelsea-manning-espionage-act-wikileaks"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1991-gulf-war-us-military-press-pools",
      "title": "United States military restricts reporters to escorted press pools during the Gulf War",
      "occurred_on": "1991-01-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "detention_and_violence"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "george-hw-bush",
      "leader_name": "George H. W. Bush",
      "issue_of_the_day": "U.S.-led coalition forces' campaign to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's August 1990 invasion.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1991-02-28",
      "outcome_note": "The pool system stayed in place through the war's end on February 28, 1991; the legal challenge in Nation Magazine v. Department of Defense was later dismissed as moot.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1990s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The U.S. military required reporters covering the 1991 Gulf War to work in escorted \"pools\" rather than move freely, reviewed pool dispatches before release, and reporters who left the pools were captured or detained.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1991-gulf-war-us-military-press-pools"
    }
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