{
  "title": "Search: prior restraint in the United States, outcome sustained",
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    "country": "US",
    "tactic": "prior_restraint",
    "outcome": "sustained"
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  "count": 2,
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  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
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    "country": [
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
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        "label": "Prior restraint",
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        "label": "Sustained",
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        "value": "franklin-d-roosevelt",
        "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-w-bush",
        "label": "George W. Bush"
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      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 1
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      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
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    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2003",
        "label": "2003",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 2
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    {
      "slug": "2003-us-pentagon-embedding-rules-iraq",
      "title": "Pentagon sets ground rules for journalists embedded with United States forces in Iraq",
      "occurred_on": "2003-02-10",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "george-w-bush",
      "leader_name": "George W. Bush",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The buildup to and launch of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2003-04-14",
      "outcome_note": "The embedding program ran through the invasion and became the Pentagon's standard model for media access in later conflicts.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2000s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Ahead of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Pentagon assigned about 600 journalists to travel with United States military units under written ground rules restricting what they could report about troop numbers, operations and casualties.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2003-us-pentagon-embedding-rules-iraq"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code",
      "title": "United States creates an Office of Censorship and a wartime code for the press",
      "occurred_on": "1941-12-19",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "franklin-d-roosevelt",
      "leader_name": "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had just entered the Second World War after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the government wanted to prevent newspapers and broadcasters from unintentionally publishing information useful to enemy forces.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1945-09-28",
      "outcome_note": "The Office of Censorship operated on the press's voluntary compliance through the war and was abolished by executive order after Japan's surrender.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1940s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Twelve days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt created the Office of Censorship. Its director, Byron Price, a former Associated Press editor, wrote a Code of Wartime Practices asking newspapers and broadcasters to withhold information such as troop movements, and most of the press followed it voluntarily.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code"
    }
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}