{
  "title": "Search in the United States",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?country=US&page=2&view=cards",
  "filters": {
    "country": "US",
    "page": "2",
    "view": "cards"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 56,
  "page": 2,
  "pages": 2,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 19
      },
      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "lawsuits_against_press",
        "label": "Lawsuits against the press",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 18
      },
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 15
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 18
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 5
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 47
      },
      {
        "value": "state_or_province",
        "label": "State or province",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "municipal",
        "label": "Municipal",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 12
      },
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 7
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 5
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "barack-obama",
        "label": "Barack Obama"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "doug-ducey",
        "label": "Doug Ducey"
      },
      {
        "value": "dwight-d-eisenhower",
        "label": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"
      },
      {
        "value": "franklin-d-roosevelt",
        "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-hw-bush",
        "label": "George H. W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-w-bush",
        "label": "George W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "jacob-frey",
        "label": "Jacob Frey"
      },
      {
        "value": "jeff-landry",
        "label": "Jeff Landry"
      },
      {
        "value": "joe-biden",
        "label": "Joe Biden"
      },
      {
        "value": "karen-bass",
        "label": "Karen Bass"
      },
      {
        "value": "laura-kelly",
        "label": "Laura Kelly"
      },
      {
        "value": "richard-nixon",
        "label": "Richard Nixon"
      },
      {
        "value": "ron-desantis",
        "label": "Ron DeSantis"
      },
      {
        "value": "ronald-reagan",
        "label": "Ronald Reagan"
      },
      {
        "value": "theodore-christianson",
        "label": "Theodore Christianson"
      },
      {
        "value": "tim-walz",
        "label": "Tim Walz"
      },
      {
        "value": "woodrow-wilson",
        "label": "Woodrow Wilson"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 34
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "1970s",
        "label": "1970s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1990s",
        "label": "1990s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1960s",
        "label": "1960s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1950s",
        "label": "1950s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1917",
        "label": "1917",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1927",
        "label": "1927",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1955",
        "label": "1955",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1969",
        "label": "1969",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1971",
        "label": "1971",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1983",
        "label": "1983",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1991",
        "label": "1991",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2003",
        "label": "2003",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2005",
        "label": "2005",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010",
        "label": "2010",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2014",
        "label": "2014",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2019",
        "label": "2019",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 21
      },
      {
        "value": "2026",
        "label": "2026",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 53
      },
      {
        "value": "1",
        "label": "with a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege",
      "title": "United States Supreme Court rules reporters have no privilege to refuse grand jury subpoenas",
      "occurred_on": "1969-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "richard-nixon",
      "leader_name": "Richard Nixon",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Branzburg's articles on drug use and manufacturing drew the attention of Kentucky prosecutors, who wanted him to identify the people he had described witnessing commit the underlying offenses.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1972-06-29",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the grand jury's power to compel Branzburg's testimony 5 to 4, finding no First Amendment reporter's privilege.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1960s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Louisville Courier-Journal reporter Paul Branzburg was subpoenaed by a Kentucky grand jury, a body that investigates possible crimes, after he wrote about drug users he had observed. The Supreme Court ruled in 1972 that the First Amendment gives reporters no special right to withhold sources or information from a grand jury.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1955-us-eastland-subcommittee-subpoenas-new-york-times",
      "title": "United States Senate panel subpoenas dozens of New York Times journalists over Communist ties",
      "occurred_on": "1955-11-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "dwight-d-eisenhower",
      "leader_name": "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Senator Eastland's subcommittee was investigating what it described as Communist Party influence in American newsrooms and broadcasting during the Cold War, and treated past party membership among journalists as grounds for scrutiny.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1956-12-01",
      "outcome_note": "The dismissals and resignations at The New York Times and other papers were not reversed; the paper said at year's end it had made no further dismissals beyond the initial cases.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1950s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, led by Senator James Eastland, issued 35 subpoenas over past or present Communist Party ties in the press, and 26 of them went to New York Times staff. The newspaper protested but several employees who would not answer were fired or forced to resign.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1955-us-eastland-subcommittee-subpoenas-new-york-times"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code",
      "title": "United States creates an Office of Censorship and a wartime code for the press",
      "occurred_on": "1941-12-19",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "franklin-d-roosevelt",
      "leader_name": "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had just entered the Second World War after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the government wanted to prevent newspapers and broadcasters from unintentionally publishing information useful to enemy forces.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1945-09-28",
      "outcome_note": "The Office of Censorship operated on the press's voluntary compliance through the war and was abolished by executive order after Japan's surrender.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1940s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Twelve days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt created the Office of Censorship. Its director, Byron Price, a former Associated Press editor, wrote a Code of Wartime Practices asking newspapers and broadcasters to withhold information such as troop movements, and most of the press followed it voluntarily.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law",
      "title": "United States Supreme Court strikes down a Minnesota law used to shut a newspaper",
      "occurred_on": "1927-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-MN",
      "level": "state_or_province",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "theodore-christianson",
      "leader_name": "Theodore Christianson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Saturday Press had run articles accusing Minneapolis officials, police and a local gangster of corruption and racketeering, allegations the county attorney treated as scandalous and defamatory under the state's 1925 nuisance law.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1931-06-01",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Minnesota law 5 to 4 as a restraint on publication in advance that the Constitution did not allow.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Hennepin County attorney used Minnesota's 1925 Public Nuisance Law to shut down The Saturday Press, a Minneapolis paper accusing officials of corruption. In 1931 the Supreme Court of the United States struck the law down, ruling that stopping a paper before publication was itself a form of press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail",
      "title": "United States postmaster bars the magazine The Masses from the mail under the Espionage Act",
      "occurred_on": "1917-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War three months earlier and introduced a military draft. The Masses had run cartoons and articles opposing the war and conscription, which the Post Office treated as material likely to obstruct recruiting.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1917-11-01",
      "outcome_note": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed Judge Hand's order later in 1917, and the Post Office's mail ban on The Masses stood.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after the United States entered the First World War, the New York postmaster used the new Espionage Act, a law against interfering with military recruitment, to bar the socialist magazine The Masses from the mail. A judge's order protecting the magazine was reversed on appeal.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader",
      "title": "United States Postmaster General Burleson strips the Milwaukee Leader of its mailing rate",
      "occurred_on": "1917-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Leader had published articles criticizing United States participation in the First World War and the draft, which the Post Office treated as violations of the Espionage Act's ban on obstructing military recruitment.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1921-03-07",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the revocation of the Leader's mailing rate 7 to 2 in United States ex rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Postmaster General Albert Burleson used the wartime Espionage Act to strip the Milwaukee Leader, a socialist daily, of its low-cost second-class mailing rate, cutting off its main channel to readers. The Supreme Court upheld the revocation in 1921, over two dissents warning it amounted to press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader"
    }
  ],
  "other_results": [],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}