{
  "title": "Search, 1900 to 1949, outcome reversed",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?from=1900&to=1949&outcome=reversed",
  "filters": {
    "from": "1900",
    "to": "1949",
    "outcome": "reversed"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 6,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "AU",
        "label": "Australia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 33,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "BR",
        "label": "Brazil",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 52,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "DE",
        "label": "Germany",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PT",
        "label": "Portugal",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 10,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ES",
        "label": "Spain",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 29,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      },
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      },
      {
        "value": "oceania",
        "label": "Oceania"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 6
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "state_or_province",
        "label": "State or province",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 6
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "adolf-hitler",
        "label": "Adolf Hitler"
      },
      {
        "value": "antonio-salazar",
        "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar"
      },
      {
        "value": "francisco-franco",
        "label": "Francisco Franco"
      },
      {
        "value": "getulio-vargas",
        "label": "Getúlio Vargas"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-curtin",
        "label": "John Curtin"
      },
      {
        "value": "theodore-christianson",
        "label": "Theodore Christianson"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1927",
        "label": "1927",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1933",
        "label": "1933",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1938",
        "label": "1938",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1939",
        "label": "1939",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1944",
        "label": "1944",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 6
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1944-australia-calwell-newspaper-seizure",
      "title": "Australia's wartime government seizes a Sydney newspaper edition under press controls rules",
      "occurred_on": "1944-04-16",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "AU",
      "country_name": "Australia",
      "continent": "oceania",
      "jurisdiction": "AU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "john-curtin",
      "leader_name": "John Curtin",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Australia remained at war in the Pacific in 1944, and its wartime press controls apparatus, already the subject of tension with newspaper proprietors, moved against the Sunday Telegraph for material it judged to breach the press controls rules.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1944-04-18",
      "outcome_note": "The High Court of Australia granted an injunction days after the seizure, blocking further suppression of the newspaper's editions.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 33,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1940s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Australia's wartime government, under Prime Minister John Curtin, controlled press coverage of military events through the Department of Information. In April 1944, Minister for Information Arthur Calwell ordered the seizure of copies of the Sydney Sunday Telegraph for breaching press controls rules, prompting newspapers' joint protest and a High Court injunction against the seizure.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1944-australia-calwell-newspaper-seizure"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1939-brazil-vargas-creates-dip",
      "title": "Brazil's Vargas government creates a state messaging department with broad press powers",
      "occurred_on": "1939-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "BR",
      "country_name": "Brazil",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "BR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "getulio-vargas",
      "leader_name": "Getúlio Vargas",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Vargas had ruled by decree since 1937 under the Estado Novo and used the DIP to promote his government's program and nationalist agenda while suppressing coverage critical of his rule.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1945-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "The DIP was dissolved in 1945 when the military removed Vargas from power and the Estado Novo dictatorship ended.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 52,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "President Getúlio Vargas created the Department of Press and state messaging in 1939 during Brazil's Estado Novo dictatorship, giving the government direct control over what newspapers, radio and film could publish. The department operated as a central instrument of press controls for six years, until the Estado Novo ended in 1945.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1939-brazil-vargas-creates-dip"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1938-spain-franco-press-law",
      "title": "Franco's Spain requires state permission to be a journalist under a wartime Press Law",
      "occurred_on": "1938-04-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "ES",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "francisco-franco",
      "leader_name": "Francisco Franco",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Franco's Nationalist forces were still fighting Spain's civil war in April 1938 and used the new Press Law to consolidate direct control over which newspapers could exist and who could work as a journalist within them.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1977-04-01",
      "outcome_note": "Spain abolished prior press controls by decree in April 1977, after Franco's 1975 death, ahead of the 1978 constitution that guaranteed freedom of the press.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 29,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "While Spain's civil war continued, the Nationalist government led by Francisco Franco enacted a Press Law in April 1938 requiring government permission to found a newspaper, work as a journalist or direct a paper, alongside continued pre-publication press controls and years-long prison terms for vaguely defined offenses.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1938-spain-franco-press-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-germany-editors-law",
      "title": "Nazi Germany's Editors Law bars Jewish journalists from the press and puts editors under state direction",
      "occurred_on": "1933-10-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "DE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "adolf-hitler",
      "leader_name": "Adolf Hitler",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Hitler's government, in power only since January 1933, was consolidating control over German public life and moved within months to bring newspapers and their editors directly under state and party direction.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1945-05-08",
      "outcome_note": "The Editors Law and the Reich Press Chamber ended with Nazi Germany's defeat and unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 14,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Nine months after Adolf Hitler became chancellor, Germany's Schriftleitergesetz, or Editors Law, required journalists to register with a new state-controlled Reich Press Chamber and barred non-Aryans from the profession, while directing editors to omit anything judged harmful to the Reich's standing.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-germany-editors-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship",
      "title": "Portugal's Salazar government formally establishes press controls under a new constitution",
      "occurred_on": "1933-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "PT",
      "country_name": "Portugal",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "PT",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "antonio-salazar",
      "leader_name": "António de Oliveira Salazar",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Salazar's government was consolidating the Estado Novo behind a new 1933 constitution, and used the moment to formalize a system of press controls it had for years denied operating.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1974-04-25",
      "outcome_note": "Portugal's press controls apparatus ended with the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974, which overthrew the Estado Novo.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 10,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Portugal's government, led by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, had restricted the press since a 1926 military coup while officially denying it did so. In 1933, alongside a new constitution promising freedom of expression, the government openly established formal press controls for the first time.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law",
      "title": "United States Supreme Court strikes down a Minnesota law used to shut a newspaper",
      "occurred_on": "1927-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-MN",
      "level": "state_or_province",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "theodore-christianson",
      "leader_name": "Theodore Christianson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Saturday Press had run articles accusing Minneapolis officials, police and a local gangster of corruption and racketeering, allegations the county attorney treated as scandalous and defamatory under the state's 1925 nuisance law.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1931-06-01",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Minnesota law 5 to 4 as a restraint on publication in advance that the Constitution did not allow.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Hennepin County attorney used Minnesota's 1925 Public Nuisance Law to shut down The Saturday Press, a Minneapolis paper accusing officials of corruption. In 1931 the Supreme Court of the United States struck the law down, ruling that stopping a paper before publication was itself a form of press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law"
    }
  ],
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    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?from=1900&to=1949&outcome=reversed"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}