{
  "title": "Search: detention and violence, 1900 to 1949",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=detention_and_violence&from=1900&to=1949",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "detention_and_violence",
    "from": "1900",
    "to": "1949"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 5,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "CA",
        "label": "Canada",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TR",
        "label": "Türkiye",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 163,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "state_or_province",
        "label": "State or province",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "al-smith",
        "label": "Alfred E. Smith"
      },
      {
        "value": "mehmed-v",
        "label": "Mehmed V"
      },
      {
        "value": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king",
        "label": "William Lyon Mackenzie King"
      },
      {
        "value": "woodrow-wilson",
        "label": "Woodrow Wilson"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1913",
        "label": "1913",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1917",
        "label": "1917",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1918",
        "label": "1918",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1925",
        "label": "1925",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1939",
        "label": "1939",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 5
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1939-canada-defence-of-canada-regulations-censorship",
      "title": "Canada: War Measures Act regulations authorize review of hundreds of newspapers and ban political organizations",
      "occurred_on": "1939-09-03",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CA",
      "country_name": "Canada",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "CA",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king",
      "leader_name": "William Lyon Mackenzie King",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Regulations took effect in the first days of Canada's involvement in the Second World War, one week before Canada's own declaration against Germany.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1945-12-31",
      "outcome_note": "The Defence of Canada Regulations remained in force for the duration of the war and were replaced by similar legislation on December 31, 1945.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 20,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Canada invoked the War Measures Act at the outset of the Second World War and used it to bring in the Defence of Canada Regulations, which gave the government power to review and restrict hundreds of newspapers and periodicals and to ban dozens of organizations, including the Communist Party of Canada.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1939-canada-defence-of-canada-regulations-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1925-us-supreme-court-upholds-gitlow-anarchy-conviction",
      "title": "United States: Supreme Court upholds Benjamin Gitlow's conviction under New York's Criminal Anarchy Law, 1925",
      "occurred_on": "1925-06-08",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-NY",
      "level": "state_or_province",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "al-smith",
      "leader_name": "Alfred E. Smith",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Fears of growing socialist and union activity during the Red Scare that followed the First World War led Congress and state legislatures, including New York's, to adopt new restrictions on radical speech and publishing.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1925-06-08",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court's decision upheld Gitlow's conviction and New York's Criminal Anarchy Law while establishing that free speech and press protections apply to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The United States Supreme Court voted seven to two on June 8, 1925 to uphold the conviction of socialist publisher Benjamin Gitlow, who had been tried and sentenced to prison under New York's 1902 Criminal Anarchy Law for distributing 16,000 copies of the Left Wing Manifesto. The Court also held for the first time that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause extends free speech and press protections to state governments.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1925-us-supreme-court-upholds-gitlow-anarchy-conviction"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1918-us-espionage-act-conviction-of-editor-frohwerk",
      "title": "United States convicts newspaper editor Jacob Frohwerk under the Espionage Act, June 1918",
      "occurred_on": "1918-06-26",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War in April 1917 and introduced a national draft, and federal prosecutors brought Espionage Act cases against numerous newspapers and speakers who opposed the war effort.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1919-03-10",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court's ruling left Frohwerk's conviction and ten year sentence in place.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Jacob Frohwerk, an associate editor of the German language newspaper the Missouri Staats-Zeitung, was tried and convicted in June 1918 under the Espionage Act of 1917 for publishing articles opposing American participation in the First World War, and was sentenced to ten years in prison on each of twelve counts, to run concurrently. The Supreme Court of the United States upheld the conviction on March 10, 1919.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1918-us-espionage-act-conviction-of-editor-frohwerk"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-mother-earth-editor-emma-goldman-convicted-magazine-barred-from-mail",
      "title": "United States convicts Mother Earth editor Emma Goldman of draft conspiracy and bars her magazine from the mail",
      "occurred_on": "1917-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "detention_and_violence",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War in April 1917 and introduced a national draft that spring, and federal authorities moved against anarchists, socialists and other war opponents under new wartime laws.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1918-01-14",
      "outcome_note": "Goldman's conviction stood, and she was deported from the United States in 1919.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Emma Goldman, editor of the anarchist magazine Mother Earth, was convicted with fellow anarchist Alexander Berkman of conspiring against the newly enacted Selective Draft Law and received the maximum two year sentence and a ten thousand dollar fine. Postal authorities then withdrew Mother Earth's second class mailing privileges, and Goldman was deported from the United States in 1919.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-mother-earth-editor-emma-goldman-convicted-magazine-barred-from-mail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1913-ottoman-empire-press-law-bars-officials-from-editing-newspapers",
      "title": "Ottoman Empire bars lawmakers and officials from editing newspapers and jails a leading editor",
      "occurred_on": "1913-03-09",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "TR",
      "country_name": "Türkiye",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "TR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "mehmed-v",
      "leader_name": "Mehmed V",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Committee of Union and Progress had just retaken control of the Ottoman government in a coup in January 1913, after a period in which opposition newspapers had used loopholes in the 1909 press law to keep publishing despite suspension orders.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1913-03-09",
      "outcome_note": "The March 1913 amendment and its retroactive ban on lawmakers and officials editing newspapers remained the law under the Committee of Union and Progress government.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 163,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In March 1913 the Ottoman government amended its 1909 press law, barring members of parliament and state officials from serving as newspaper editors and applying the ban retroactively to every periodical already in print. The revision followed the martial court prosecution of Tanin editor Huseyin Cahid, who was jailed for continuing to publish after a protest suspension in 1912.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1913-ottoman-empire-press-law-bars-officials-from-editing-newspapers"
    }
  ],
  "other_results": [],
  "downloads": {
    "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=detention_and_violence&from=1900&to=1949&format=csv",
    "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.json?tactic=detention_and_violence&from=1900&to=1949",
    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?tactic=detention_and_violence&from=1900&to=1949"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}