{
  "title": "Search: funding and ownership pressure, from 2020, head of government Viktor Orban",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=funding_and_ownership_pressure&from=2020&leader=viktor-orban",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
    "from": "2020",
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  "pages": 1,
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  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "HU",
        "label": "Hungary",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 74,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
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      }
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    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
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    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 2
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        "label": "National",
        "count": 2
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    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 1
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      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
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        "label": "Viktor Orban"
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    "era": [
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        "label": "2020",
        "count": 1
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      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 1
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        "count": 2
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  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2023-hungary-sovereignty-protection-act",
      "title": "Hungary: National Sovereignty Protection Act and Sovereignty Protection Office, December 2023",
      "occurred_on": "2023-12-20",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "HU",
      "country_name": "Hungary",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "HU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "viktor-orban",
      "leader_name": "Viktor Orban",
      "issue_of_the_day": null,
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2026-06-30",
      "outcome_note": "The National Assembly abolished the Sovereignty Protection Office on 2026-06-30, according to CPJ (s055).",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 74,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "On December 20, 2023, the president of Hungary, Katalin Novák, promulgated the National Sovereignty Protection Act, passed by the National Assembly, Hungary's parliament, during the government of the prime minister, Viktor Orbán. The law created a Sovereignty Protection Office empowered to investigate organizations, including news outlets, that it determined might be influenced by foreign actors or threaten national sovereignty. A week earlier, ten Hungarian media outlets had said the law \"is capable of severely restricting the freedom of the press.\" After a change of government in 2026, the National Assembly abolished the office on June 30, 2026.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2023-hungary-sovereignty-protection-act"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-hungary-index-hu-editor-fired",
      "title": "Hungary: editor fired and staff resign at Index.hu",
      "occurred_on": "2020-07-24",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "HU",
      "country_name": "Hungary",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "HU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
      "tactics": [
        "funding_and_ownership_pressure"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "viktor-orban",
      "leader_name": "Viktor Orban",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2020-07-24",
      "outcome_note": "Dull's dismissal stood and the outlet continued under its changed ownership; the sources reviewed do not report a reversal.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": "An editor was fired and most of a ninety-person newsroom resigned after a government-linked businessman gained influence over the outlet's ownership; United States funding pressure has not removed an editor through an ownership change.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 74,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Index.hu, Hungary's most-read independent news site, fired editor-in-chief Szabolcs Dull weeks after he warned that a change in ownership threatened its independence. Most of the newsroom resigned within days.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-hungary-index-hu-editor-fired"
    }
  ],
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    "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?tactic=funding_and_ownership_pressure&from=2020&leader=viktor-orban"
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}