{
  "title": "Search: expulsion and visa denial, from 2020, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=expulsion_and_visa_denial&from=2020&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
    "from": "2020",
    "outcome": "sustained"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 6,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "CN",
        "label": "China",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 178,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ET",
        "label": "Ethiopia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 148,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IL",
        "label": "Israel",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 116,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "NI",
        "label": "Nicaragua",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 168,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "RU",
        "label": "Russia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 172,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "VE",
        "label": "Venezuela",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 159,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "africa",
        "label": "Africa"
      },
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      },
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      },
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "eliminate",
        "label": "Eliminate",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 6
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 6
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "abiy-ahmed",
        "label": "Abiy Ahmed"
      },
      {
        "value": "daniel-ortega",
        "label": "Daniel Ortega"
      },
      {
        "value": "nicolas-maduro",
        "label": "Nicolas Maduro"
      },
      {
        "value": "vladimir-putin",
        "label": "Vladimir Putin"
      },
      {
        "value": "xi-jinping",
        "label": "Xi Jinping"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 6
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2022",
        "label": "2022",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2026",
        "label": "2026",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 6
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2026-israel-maintains-ban-on-foreign-press-access-to-gaza",
      "title": "Israel: ban on independent entry of foreign journalists into the Gaza Strip, 2023 to 2026",
      "occurred_on": "2026-01-07",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "IL",
      "country_name": "Israel",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "IL",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": null,
      "leader_name": null,
      "issue_of_the_day": "The war in Gaza, which began in October 2023.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2026-02-25",
      "outcome_note": "In effect as of CPJ's report of 2026-02-25; the government asked Israel's Supreme Court in January 2026 to keep the ban.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 116,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Since the war in Gaza began in October 2023, the government of Israel has barred foreign journalists from entering the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian territory on the Mediterranean coast between Israel and Egypt, independently; foreign correspondents have entered only on trips escorted by the Israeli military. On January 7, 2026, Al Jazeera reported that the Foreign Press Association, which represents journalists from international news organizations, had condemned the government's decision to keep the ban. The government had told Israel's Supreme Court that the ban should be maintained due to \"security reasons,\" according to Al Jazeera. On February 25, 2026, the Committee to Protect Journalists reported that the ban was still in place.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2026-israel-maintains-ban-on-foreign-press-access-to-gaza"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2024-venezuela-post-election-press-crackdown",
      "title": "Venezuela detains, expels and restricts journalists after disputed 2024 election",
      "occurred_on": "2024-07-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "VE",
      "country_name": "Venezuela",
      "continent": "south-america",
      "jurisdiction": "VE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "detention_and_violence",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "nicolas-maduro",
      "leader_name": "Nicolas Maduro",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Venezuela's July 28, 2024 election, in which the National Electoral Council declared Maduro the winner without releasing detailed vote tallies opposition figures disputed, triggered protests and a surge of restrictions on the journalists covering them.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "Detained journalists faced continuing prosecution, and social-platform restrictions remained in place after the documented period.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 159,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In the two weeks after Venezuela's disputed July 28, 2024 presidential election, Reporters Without Borders documented 70 press-freedom violations, including nine detentions, nine expulsions of foreign correspondents and the suspension of the social media platform X, as President Nicolas Maduro's government moved to control coverage of the disputed result.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2024-venezuela-post-election-press-crackdown"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2023-nicaragua-strips-journalists-citizenship",
      "title": "Nicaragua strips 94 political opponents, including journalists, of citizenship",
      "occurred_on": "2023-02-15",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "NI",
      "country_name": "Nicaragua",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "NI",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "disinformation_labeling",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "daniel-ortega",
      "leader_name": "Daniel Ortega",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The rulings followed years of pressure on Nicaragua's independent press, including the earlier forced closure of the country's oldest newspaper, La Prensa, and came days after Ortega's government released 222 jailed dissidents to the United States and stripped their citizenship as well.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "Citizenship was not restored to those named; Ortega's government continued comparable actions against critics afterward.",
      "stage": "eliminate",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 168,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Nicaraguan appeals court stripped 94 government opponents, including exiled journalists Carlos Fernando Chamorro and Alvaro Navarro, of their citizenship, days after President Daniel Ortega released 222 political prisoners to the United States and immediately declared them stateless too.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2023-nicaragua-strips-journalists-citizenship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2022-russia-expels-cbc-cancels-visas",
      "title": "Russia: CBC/Radio-Canada bureau closed and journalists' visas cancelled",
      "occurred_on": "2022-05-18",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "RU",
      "country_name": "Russia",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "RU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "vladimir-putin",
      "leader_name": "Vladimir Putin",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2022-05-18",
      "outcome_note": "The bureau closure and visa cancellations were not reported as reversed in the sources reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Russia closed a foreign broadcaster's bureau and cancelled its journalists' visas and accreditation after Canada imposed sanctions; the September 2026 White House ban restricted building access but did not remove any outlet's staff from the country.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 172,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Russian authorities ordered the Canadian broadcaster CBC/Radio-Canada's Moscow bureau closed and cancelled its journalists' visas and accreditation, part of a wave of expulsions and non-renewals of foreign correspondents after the invasion of Ukraine.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2022-russia-expels-cbc-cancels-visas"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2022-ethiopia-expels-tom-gardner",
      "title": "Ethiopia: Economist correspondent Tom Gardner expelled",
      "occurred_on": "2022-05-13",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "ET",
      "country_name": "Ethiopia",
      "continent": "africa",
      "jurisdiction": "ET",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "abiy-ahmed",
      "leader_name": "Abiy Ahmed",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2022-05-13",
      "outcome_note": "The expulsion was carried out and was not reported as reversed in the sources reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Ethiopia gave a foreign correspondent 48 hours to leave over unspecified conduct, the second such expulsion in a year; the White House ban restricted access to the briefing room, not to the country itself.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 148,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Ethiopia's media regulator revoked The Economist correspondent Tom Gardner's press accreditation and gave him 48 hours to leave the country, citing unspecified conduct, almost a year after expelling a New York Times reporter.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2022-ethiopia-expels-tom-gardner"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists",
      "title": "China expels American journalists from three major U.S. newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The expulsions followed a rapid exchange of measures: a Wall Street Journal opinion piece China objected to, the U.S. capping Chinese state-media staff, and China's decision to expel American reporters from three outlets in response, all unfolding as the coronavirus pandemic was spreading globally.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The expelled journalists' press credentials were not restored; reciprocal media restrictions between the two countries continued for years afterward.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China ordered American correspondents for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post to leave the country, in a reciprocal response to the Trump administration capping the number of Chinese state-media employees allowed in the United States, which itself followed China's earlier expulsion of three Journal reporters over an opinion headline.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}