{
  "title": "Search, from 2020",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?from=2020&page=3&view=cards",
  "filters": {
    "from": "2020",
    "page": "3",
    "view": "cards"
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  "sort": "date",
  "count": 102,
  "page": 3,
  "pages": 3,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "AR",
        "label": "Argentina",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 98,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "AU",
        "label": "Australia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 33,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "BD",
        "label": "Bangladesh",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 152,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 152nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "BY",
        "label": "Belarus",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 165,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 165th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "KH",
        "label": "Cambodia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 151,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "CA",
        "label": "Canada",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "CN",
        "label": "China",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 178,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "SV",
        "label": "El Salvador",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 143,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 143rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/country/el-salvador"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ET",
        "label": "Ethiopia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 148,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GE",
        "label": "Georgia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 135,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GT",
        "label": "Guatemala",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 128,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 128th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "HK",
        "label": "Hong Kong",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 140,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 140th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "HU",
        "label": "Hungary",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 74,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IN",
        "label": "India",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 157,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IR",
        "label": "Iran",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 177,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 177th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IL",
        "label": "Israel",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 116,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "KZ",
        "label": "Kazakhstan",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "MA",
        "label": "Morocco",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "MM",
        "label": "Myanmar",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 166,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "NI",
        "label": "Nicaragua",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 168,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PK",
        "label": "Pakistan",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 153,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PH",
        "label": "Philippines",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 114,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 114th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PL",
        "label": "Poland",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 27,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "RU",
        "label": "Russia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 172,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "RS",
        "label": "Serbia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 104,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "SK",
        "label": "Slovakia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 37,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 37th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TZ",
        "label": "Tanzania",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 117,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 117th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TN",
        "label": "Tunisia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 137,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 137th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TR",
        "label": "Türkiye",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 163,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "VE",
        "label": "Venezuela",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 159,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "VN",
        "label": "Viet Nam",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "ZW",
        "label": "Zimbabwe",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 124,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "africa",
        "label": "Africa"
      },
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      },
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      },
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      },
      {
        "value": "oceania",
        "label": "Oceania"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 22
      },
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 21
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 10
      },
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 10
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
        "label": "Official labels",
        "count": 9
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "lawsuits_against_press",
        "label": "Lawsuits against the press",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 7
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 5
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 15
      },
      {
        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
        "count": 25
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 36
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "eliminate",
        "label": "Eliminate",
        "count": 12
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 90
      },
      {
        "value": "state_or_province",
        "label": "State or province",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "municipal",
        "label": "Municipal",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 43
      },
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 30
      },
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "abiy-ahmed",
        "label": "Abiy Ahmed"
      },
      {
        "value": "alejandro-giammattei",
        "label": "Alejandro Giammattei"
      },
      {
        "value": "aleksandar-vucic",
        "label": "Aleksandar Vucic"
      },
      {
        "value": "alexander-lukashenko",
        "label": "Alexander Lukashenko"
      },
      {
        "value": "carrie-lam",
        "label": "Carrie Lam"
      },
      {
        "value": "daniel-ortega",
        "label": "Daniel Ortega"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "doug-ducey",
        "label": "Doug Ducey"
      },
      {
        "value": "ebrahim-raisi",
        "label": "Ebrahim Raisi"
      },
      {
        "value": "emmerson-mnangagwa",
        "label": "Emmerson Mnangagwa"
      },
      {
        "value": "hun-sen",
        "label": "Hun Sen"
      },
      {
        "value": "irakli-kobakhidze",
        "label": "Irakli Kobakhidze"
      },
      {
        "value": "jacob-frey",
        "label": "Jacob Frey"
      },
      {
        "value": "javier-milei",
        "label": "Javier Milei"
      },
      {
        "value": "jeff-landry",
        "label": "Jeff Landry"
      },
      {
        "value": "joe-biden",
        "label": "Joe Biden"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-horgan",
        "label": "John Horgan"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-lee",
        "label": "John Lee"
      },
      {
        "value": "kais-saied",
        "label": "Kais Saied"
      },
      {
        "value": "karen-bass",
        "label": "Karen Bass"
      },
      {
        "value": "kassym-jomart-tokayev",
        "label": "Kassym-Jomart Tokayev"
      },
      {
        "value": "laura-kelly",
        "label": "Laura Kelly"
      },
      {
        "value": "mateusz-morawiecki",
        "label": "Mateusz Morawiecki"
      },
      {
        "value": "min-aung-hlaing",
        "label": "Min Aung Hlaing"
      },
      {
        "value": "muhammad-yunus",
        "label": "Muhammad Yunus"
      },
      {
        "value": "narendra-modi",
        "label": "Narendra Modi"
      },
      {
        "value": "nayib-bukele",
        "label": "Nayib Bukele"
      },
      {
        "value": "nguyen-xuan-phuc",
        "label": "Nguyen Xuan Phuc"
      },
      {
        "value": "nicolas-maduro",
        "label": "Nicolas Maduro"
      },
      {
        "value": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
        "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
      },
      {
        "value": "robert-fico",
        "label": "Robert Fico"
      },
      {
        "value": "rodrigo-duterte",
        "label": "Rodrigo Duterte"
      },
      {
        "value": "ron-desantis",
        "label": "Ron DeSantis"
      },
      {
        "value": "saadeddine-othmani",
        "label": "Saadeddine Othmani"
      },
      {
        "value": "samia-suluhu-hassan",
        "label": "Samia Suluhu Hassan"
      },
      {
        "value": "scott-morrison",
        "label": "Scott Morrison"
      },
      {
        "value": "shehbaz-sharif",
        "label": "Shehbaz Sharif"
      },
      {
        "value": "tim-walz",
        "label": "Tim Walz"
      },
      {
        "value": "viktor-orban",
        "label": "Viktor Orban"
      },
      {
        "value": "vladimir-putin",
        "label": "Vladimir Putin"
      },
      {
        "value": "xi-jinping",
        "label": "Xi Jinping"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 102
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 15
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 13
      },
      {
        "value": "2022",
        "label": "2022",
        "count": 10
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 15
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 29
      },
      {
        "value": "2026",
        "label": "2026",
        "count": 9
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 100
      },
      {
        "value": "1",
        "label": "with a court case",
        "count": 2
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists",
      "title": "China expels American journalists from three major U.S. newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The expulsions followed a rapid exchange of measures: a Wall Street Journal opinion piece China objected to, the U.S. capping Chinese state-media staff, and China's decision to expel American reporters from three outlets in response, all unfolding as the coronavirus pandemic was spreading globally.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The expelled journalists' press credentials were not restored; reciprocal media restrictions between the two countries continued for years afterward.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China ordered American correspondents for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post to leave the country, in a reciprocal response to the Trump administration capping the number of Chinese state-media employees allowed in the United States, which itself followed China's earlier expulsion of three Journal reporters over an opinion headline.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-three-wsj-journalists-headline",
      "title": "China: three Wall Street Journal correspondents expelled over an opinion headline",
      "occurred_on": "2020-02-19",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Wall Street Journal had published an opinion column on February 3, 2020, by an outside scholar, headlined \"China Is the Real Sick Man of Asia,\" about the economic effects of the coronavirus outbreak.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2020-02-19",
      "outcome_note": "The three journalists' press credentials were revoked and the expulsion carried out; no reversal is reported in the source reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Working correspondents were expelled from the country over content written by someone outside their newsroom, not barred from one building or event.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China's foreign ministry expelled three Wall Street Journal correspondents and revoked their press credentials after an opinion column, unrelated to their own reporting, used a headline the ministry called offensive.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-three-wsj-journalists-headline"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  }
}