{
  "title": "Search, head of government Ronald Reagan, outcome upheld by a court",
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  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
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    {
      "slug": "1985-us-morison-espionage-act-conviction",
      "title": "United States: Espionage Act conviction of Samuel Loring Morison for leaking satellite photographs to Jane's Defence Weekly, 1985 to 1988",
      "occurred_on": "1985-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
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      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
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        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
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      "leader_slug": "ronald-reagan",
      "leader_name": "Ronald Reagan",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The case tested whether the Espionage Act of 1917, written to penalize wartime aid to a foreign enemy, could also be used against someone who gave classified material to a widely read defense publication rather than to an opposing government.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1988-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "President Bill Clinton pardoned Morison, according to the First Amendment Encyclopedia, though no court reversed the Fourth Circuit's decision upholding his conviction.",
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      "era": "1980s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Naval intelligence analyst Samuel Loring Morison was convicted under the Espionage Act after he sent classified satellite photographs to a British defense publication in 1984. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld his conviction in 1988, rejecting his argument that giving the images to the press was protected by the First Amendment.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1985-us-morison-espionage-act-conviction"
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    {
      "slug": "1971-us-zurcher-stanford-daily-newsroom-search",
      "title": "United States police search a student newspaper's offices for photographs of a protest",
      "occurred_on": "1971-04-12",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-CA",
      "level": "municipal",
      "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
      "tactics": [
        "surveillance_and_subpoenas"
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      "leader_slug": "ronald-reagan",
      "leader_name": "Ronald Reagan",
      "issue_of_the_day": "A confrontation between police and demonstrators occupying Stanford University Hospital's administrative offices had injured nine officers, and prosecutors wanted photographs the student newspaper had taken of the clash to identify people involved.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1978-05-31",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court of the United States ruled 5 to 3 that the search of the Daily's newsroom did not violate the First or Fourth Amendments.",
      "stage": "pressure",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1970s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "On April 12, 1971, Palo Alto police searched the newsroom of The Stanford Daily, a student newspaper, for photographs of a clash between demonstrators and police at Stanford University Hospital, though no member of the paper's staff was suspected of a crime. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled 5 to 3 on May 31, 1978, that the search did not violate the First or Fourth Amendments.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1971-us-zurcher-stanford-daily-newsroom-search"
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