{
  "title": "Search: access bans, national level, outcome reversed",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=access_ban&level=national&outcome=reversed",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "access_ban",
    "level": "national",
    "outcome": "reversed"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 5,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "ZA",
        "label": "South Africa",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 21,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "africa",
        "label": "Africa"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 5
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 5
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "p-w-botha",
        "label": "P. W. Botha"
      },
      {
        "value": "ronald-reagan",
        "label": "Ronald Reagan"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1983",
        "label": "1983",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1985",
        "label": "1985",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "1",
        "label": "with a court case",
        "count": 1
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2020-federal-officers-target-journalists-portland-injunction",
      "title": "Federal officers restrict press access to Portland protests; judge orders them to stop",
      "occurred_on": "2020-07-23",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-OR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "detention_and_violence"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "donald-trump",
      "leader_name": "Donald Trump",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The federal government sent Department of Homeland Security officers to Portland in July 2020 to protect a federal courthouse during nightly protests that followed George Floyd's killing; officers' use of force against bystanders, including identified journalists, prompted the lawsuit.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2020-07-23",
      "outcome_note": "On July 23, 2020, the court ordered federal agents to stop dispersing, arresting or using force against identified journalists and legal observers; the order was later extended.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "reversed",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "After federal officers deployed to Portland used tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets on journalists and legal observers covering protests, the American Civil Liberties Union sued, and a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction barring officers from dispersing, arresting or using force against clearly identified press.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-federal-officers-target-journalists-portland-injunction"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2018-us-cnn-acosta-credential-revoked",
      "title": "White House revokes CNN correspondent Jim Acosta's press credential after a news conference exchange with President Trump",
      "occurred_on": "2018-11-07",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "donald-trump",
      "leader_name": "Donald Trump",
      "issue_of_the_day": "President Trump's characterization of a migrant caravan approaching the United States border in the days before the November 2018 midterm election.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2018-11-19",
      "outcome_note": "A federal judge issued a temporary restraining order on November 16, 2018, and the White House permanently restored Acosta's credential three days later rather than continue the lawsuit.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "After CNN's Jim Acosta questioned President Trump at a news conference and briefly kept hold of a microphone as an intern reached for it, the White House suspended his hard pass, the standing credential letting reporters enter the grounds; a federal judge ordered it restored a week later.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2018-us-cnn-acosta-credential-revoked"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2018-white-house-revokes-acosta-press-pass",
      "title": "United States: White House suspension of CNN correspondent Jim Acosta's hard pass, November 2018",
      "occurred_on": "2018-11-07",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "donald-trump",
      "leader_name": "Donald Trump",
      "issue_of_the_day": "An exchange between Acosta and Trump at a White House news conference on November 7, 2018, after the United States midterm elections.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "2018-11-19",
      "outcome_note": "A temporary restraining order of 2018-11-16 required reinstatement; the White House restored the pass on 2018-11-19 and CNN dropped the suit.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2010s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 2,
      "summary": "On November 7, 2018, the White House suspended the hard pass of CNN's White House correspondent, Jim Acosta, after what Gulf News called a \"heated confrontation\" between Acosta and the president of the United States, Donald Trump, at a news conference after the country's midterm elections. A hard pass is the standing credential that lets a reporter enter the White House press area without applying each day. On November 16, 2018, a federal judge granted CNN a temporary restraining order requiring the pass to be reinstated, and the White House restored it on November 19, 2018, after which CNN dropped its lawsuit.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2018-white-house-revokes-acosta-press-pass"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1985-south-africa-state-of-emergency-media-ban",
      "title": "South Africa bans television and photographic coverage of unrest under a state of emergency",
      "occurred_on": "1985-11-02",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "ZA",
      "country_name": "South Africa",
      "continent": "africa",
      "jurisdiction": "ZA",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "p-w-botha",
      "leader_name": "P. W. Botha",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Unrest against apartheid had spread through South Africa's Black townships through 1985, and the government's emergency regulations applied to the television and photographic coverage that had brought international attention to the violence.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1990-06-01",
      "outcome_note": "South Africa's state of emergency and its media restrictions ended in June 1990 as State President F. W. de Klerk began dismantling apartheid.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 21,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1980s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Under a state of emergency State President P. W. Botha had declared in July 1985, the government banned television, radio and photographic coverage of unrest in South Africa's Black townships on November 2, 1985, requiring print journalists to report only under police escort.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1985-south-africa-state-of-emergency-media-ban"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1983-us-grenada-press-exclusion",
      "title": "United States military bars journalists from the invasion of Grenada",
      "occurred_on": "1983-10-25",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "ronald-reagan",
      "leader_name": "Ronald Reagan",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Defense officials had for years blamed unrestricted press coverage for damaging public and political support during the Vietnam War, and applied that lesson by excluding reporters from the opening phase of the Grenada operation.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1985-04-01",
      "outcome_note": "The Pentagon created a standing national media pool in 1985 on the Sidle Commission's recommendation, formally reversing the total exclusion used in Grenada.",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1980s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "When United States forces invaded the Caribbean island of Grenada on October 25, 1983, military commanders kept all journalists away from the island for the first two days of fighting, citing operational reasons. Protests from news organizations led the Pentagon to create a rotating press pool for future operations.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1983-us-grenada-press-exclusion"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}