{ "title": "Search, national level, outcome sustained", "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?level=national&outcome=sustained&page=2", "filters": { "level": "national", "outcome": "sustained", "page": "2" }, "sort": "date", "count": 75, "page": 2, "pages": 2, "per_page": 50, "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.", "facets": { "country": [ { "value": "AR", "label": "Argentina", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 98, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "BY", "label": "Belarus", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 165, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 165th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "KH", "label": "Cambodia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 151, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "CA", "label": "Canada", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 20, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "CL", "label": "Chile", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 70, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 70th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "CN", "label": "China", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 178, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "CU", "label": "Cuba", "rsf": null }, { "value": "SV", "label": "El Salvador", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 143, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 143rd of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/country/el-salvador" } }, { "value": "ET", "label": "Ethiopia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 148, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "GE", "label": "Georgia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 135, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "DE", "label": "Germany", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 14, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "GR", "label": "Greece", "rsf": null }, { "value": "HK", "label": "Hong Kong", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 140, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 140th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "HU", "label": "Hungary", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 74, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "IN", "label": "India", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 157, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "ID", "label": "Indonesia", "rsf": null }, { "value": "IL", "label": "Israel", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 116, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "JP", "label": "Japan", "rsf": null }, { "value": "MY", "label": "Malaysia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 95, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 95th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "MM", "label": "Myanmar", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 166, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "NI", "label": "Nicaragua", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 168, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "PK", "label": "Pakistan", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 153, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "PE", "label": "Peru", "rsf": null }, { "value": "PL", "label": "Poland", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 27, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "RU", "label": "Russia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 172, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "SK", "label": "Slovakia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 37, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 37th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "ZA", "label": "South Africa", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 21, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "TN", "label": "Tunisia", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 137, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 137th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "TR", "label": "Türkiye", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 163, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "GB", "label": "United Kingdom", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 18, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "US", "label": "United States", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "VE", "label": "Venezuela", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 159, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } }, { "value": "VN", "label": "Viet Nam", "rsf": null }, { "value": "ZW", "label": "Zimbabwe", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 124, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" } } ], "continent": [ { "value": "africa", "label": "Africa" }, { "value": "asia", "label": "Asia" }, { "value": "europe", "label": "Europe" }, { "value": "north-america", "label": "North America" }, { "value": "south-america", "label": "South America" } ], "tactic": [ { "value": "outlet_licensing", "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets", "count": 21 }, { "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "label": "Funding and ownership pressure", "count": 18 }, { "value": "access_ban", "label": "Access bans", "count": 10 }, { "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial", "label": "Expulsion and visa denial", "count": 10 }, { "value": "detention_and_violence", "label": "Detention and violence", "count": 10 }, { "value": "disinformation_labeling", "label": "Official labels", "count": 9 }, { "value": "prior_restraint", "label": "Prior restraint", "count": 7 }, { "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking", "label": "Shutdowns and blocking", "count": 6 }, { "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws", "label": "Secrets and espionage laws", "count": 6 }, { "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas", "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas", "count": 4 }, { "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws", "label": "Insult and defamation laws", "count": 4 }, { "value": "credential_control", "label": "Credential control", "count": 3 }, { "value": "lawsuits_against_press", "label": "Lawsuits against the press", "count": 2 } ], "stage": [ { "value": "restrict", "label": "Restrict", "count": 6 }, { "value": "pressure", "label": "Pressure", "count": 20 }, { "value": "punish", "label": "Punish", "count": 20 }, { "value": "silence", "label": "Silence", "count": 26 }, { "value": "eliminate", "label": "Eliminate", "count": 3 } ], "level": [ { "value": "national", "label": "National", "count": 75 } ], "outcome": [ { "value": "sustained", "label": "Sustained", "count": 75 } ], "leader": [ { "value": "abiy-ahmed", "label": "Abiy Ahmed" }, { "value": "adolf-hitler", "label": "Adolf Hitler" }, { "value": "alberto-fujimori", "label": "Alberto Fujimori" }, { "value": "alexander-lukashenko", "label": "Alexander Lukashenko" }, { "value": "andries-de-graeff", "label": "Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff" }, { "value": "augusto-pinochet", "label": "Augusto Pinochet" }, { "value": "john-vorster", "label": "Balthazar Johannes Vorster" }, { "value": "barack-obama", "label": "Barack Obama" }, { "value": "beata-szydlo", "label": "Beata Szydlo" }, { "value": "carrie-lam", "label": "Carrie Lam" }, { "value": "daniel-ortega", "label": "Daniel Ortega" }, { "value": "donald-trump", "label": "Donald Trump" }, { "value": "dwight-d-eisenhower", "label": "Dwight D. Eisenhower" }, { "value": "emmerson-mnangagwa", "label": "Emmerson Mnangagwa" }, { "value": "fidel-castro", "label": "Fidel Castro" }, { "value": "franklin-d-roosevelt", "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "value": "fumimaro-konoe", "label": "Fumimaro Konoe" }, { "value": "george-hw-bush", "label": "George H. W. Bush" }, { "value": "george-w-bush", "label": "George W. Bush" }, { "value": "georgios-tsolakoglou", "label": "Georgios Tsolakoglou" }, { "value": "herbert-asquith", "label": "Herbert Henry Asquith" }, { "value": "hugo-chavez", "label": "Hugo Chavez" }, { "value": "hun-sen", "label": "Hun Sen" }, { "value": "irakli-kobakhidze", "label": "Irakli Kobakhidze" }, { "value": "javier-milei", "label": "Javier Milei" }, { "value": "juan-peron", "label": "Juan Perón" }, { "value": "kais-saied", "label": "Kais Saied" }, { "value": "li-peng", "label": "Li Peng" }, { "value": "mahathir-mohamad", "label": "Mahathir Mohamad" }, { "value": "mateusz-morawiecki", "label": "Mateusz Morawiecki" }, { "value": "mehmed-v", "label": "Mehmed V" }, { "value": "min-aung-hlaing", "label": "Min Aung Hlaing" }, { "value": "narendra-modi", "label": "Narendra Modi" }, { "value": "nayib-bukele", "label": "Nayib Bukele" }, { "value": "nguyen-tan-dung", "label": "Nguyen Tan Dung" }, { "value": "nguyen-xuan-phuc", "label": "Nguyen Xuan Phuc" }, { "value": "nicolas-maduro", "label": "Nicolas Maduro" }, { "value": "recep-tayyip-erdogan", "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan" }, { "value": "robert-fico", "label": "Robert Fico" }, { "value": "shehbaz-sharif", "label": "Shehbaz Sharif" }, { "value": "viktor-orban", "label": "Viktor Orban" }, { "value": "vladimir-putin", "label": "Vladimir Putin" }, { "value": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king", "label": "William Lyon Mackenzie King" }, { "value": "xi-jinping", "label": "Xi Jinping" } ], "era": [ { "value": "2020s", "label": "2020s", "count": 40 }, { "value": "2010s", "label": "2010s", "count": 14 }, { "value": "2000s", "label": "2000s", "count": 3 }, { "value": "1990s", "label": "1990s", "count": 3 }, { "value": "1950s", "label": "1950s", "count": 3 }, { "value": "1930s", "label": "1930s", "count": 3 }, { "value": "1980s", "label": "1980s", "count": 2 }, { "value": "1970s", "label": "1970s", "count": 2 }, { "value": "1940s", "label": "1940s", "count": 2 }, { "value": "1910s", "label": "1910s", "count": 2 }, { "value": "1920s", "label": "1920s", "count": 1 } ], "year": [ { "value": "1913", "label": "1913", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1914", "label": "1914", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1926", "label": "1926", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1933", "label": "1933", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1937", "label": "1937", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1939", "label": "1939", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1941", "label": "1941", "count": 2 }, { "value": "1951", "label": "1951", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1955", "label": "1955", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1959", "label": "1959", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1973", "label": "1973", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1977", "label": "1977", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1987", "label": "1987", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1989", "label": "1989", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1991", "label": "1991", "count": 1 }, { "value": "1997", "label": "1997", "count": 2 }, { "value": "2001", "label": "2001", "count": 1 }, { "value": "2003", "label": "2003", "count": 1 }, { "value": "2007", "label": "2007", "count": 1 }, { "value": "2010", "label": "2010", "count": 1 }, { "value": "2013", "label": "2013", "count": 3 }, { "value": "2015", "label": "2015", "count": 1 }, { "value": "2016", "label": "2016", "count": 2 }, { "value": "2017", "label": "2017", "count": 1 }, { "value": "2018", "label": "2018", "count": 3 }, { "value": "2019", "label": "2019", "count": 3 }, { "value": "2020", "label": "2020", "count": 5 }, { "value": "2021", "label": "2021", "count": 6 }, { "value": "2022", "label": "2022", "count": 7 }, { "value": "2023", "label": "2023", "count": 5 }, { "value": "2024", "label": "2024", "count": 4 }, { "value": "2025", "label": "2025", "count": 10 }, { "value": "2026", "label": "2026", "count": 3 } ], "has_case": [ { "value": "0", "label": "without a court case", "count": 75 } ] }, "results": [ { "slug": "2013-vietnam-decree-72-restricts-blogs", "title": "Vietnam: Decree 72 restricts blogs to personal information", "occurred_on": "2013-09-01", "occurred_on_precision": "month", "country": "VN", "country_name": "Viet Nam", "continent": "asia", "jurisdiction": "VN", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling", "tactics": [ "disinformation_labeling" ], "leader_slug": "nguyen-tan-dung", "leader_name": "Nguyen Tan Dung", "issue_of_the_day": "Not stated in the sources reviewed.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2013-09-01", "outcome_note": "The decree remained in force and was not reported as reversed in the source reviewed.", "stage": "pressure", "ladder_note": "Vietnam's decree barred bloggers from sharing news articles at all, restricting them to personal content on pain of prosecution; no United States rule confines an outlet or blogger to personal content.", "rsf": null, "era": "2010s", "granularity": "granular", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Vietnam's Decree 72 took effect in September 2013, barring bloggers and social media users from linking to or reposting news from press organizations or foreign government websites, restricting them to sharing personal information only.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-vietnam-decree-72-restricts-blogs" }, { "slug": "2013-us-doj-names-fox-reporter-co-conspirator", "title": "United States search warrant names Fox News reporter James Rosen a possible co-conspirator in a leak case", "occurred_on": "2013-05-20", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "US", "country_name": "United States", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "US", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas", "tactics": [ "secrets_and_espionage_laws", "surveillance_and_subpoenas" ], "leader_slug": "barack-obama", "leader_name": "Barack Obama", "issue_of_the_day": "A 2009 Fox News report, sourced to a State Department analyst, forecasting North Korea's response to new United Nations sanctions.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2013-07-12", "outcome_note": "The warrant was not withdrawn from the record; Kim pleaded guilty in 2014 and Rosen was never charged. Holder's July 2013 guidelines later restricted subpoenas naming reporters as suspects.", "stage": "punish", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "2010s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "A 2010 FBI search-warrant affidavit, unsealed in 2013, described Fox News reporter James Rosen as a possible co-conspirator in violating the Espionage Act because he sought classified information from a State Department analyst, and used that theory to obtain his private emails.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-us-doj-names-fox-reporter-co-conspirator" }, { "slug": "2013-us-doj-seizes-ap-phone-records", "title": "United States Justice Department secretly seizes two months of Associated Press phone records", "occurred_on": "2013-05-13", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "US", "country_name": "United States", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "US", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas", "tactics": [ "surveillance_and_subpoenas" ], "leader_slug": "barack-obama", "leader_name": "Barack Obama", "issue_of_the_day": "A May 2012 AP report on a foiled al-Qaeda bomb plot aimed at a U.S.-bound airplane, which the government said compromised an intelligence source.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2013-07-12", "outcome_note": "The records were not returned and no journalist or source was charged; the Justice Department issued revised media-subpoena guidelines on July 12, 2013, after the disclosure.", "stage": "punish", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "2010s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "The U.S. Justice Department secretly obtained two months of telephone records from more than 20 Associated Press phone lines during a leak investigation, notifying the news agency only after the fact; AP called the scope of the seizure unjustified.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2013-us-doj-seizes-ap-phone-records" }, { "slug": "2010-hungary-media-law-content-authority", "title": "Hungary's parliament gives a government-appointed media council power to fine outlets for unbalanced coverage", "occurred_on": "2010-12-21", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "HU", "country_name": "Hungary", "continent": "europe", "jurisdiction": "HU", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "tactics": [ "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "viktor-orban", "leader_name": "Viktor Orban", "issue_of_the_day": "The incoming Fidesz government's broader effort, after its April 2010 election win, to restructure Hungary's state institutions, including media regulation.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2011-01-01", "outcome_note": "The law took effect January 1, 2011, and, after European Union criticism, Hungary amended some provisions in 2011 but kept the media authority's core licensing and fining powers.", "stage": "pressure", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 74, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "2010s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Hungary's parliament, controlled by Prime Minister Viktor Orban's Fidesz party, passed a media law creating a government-appointed National Media and Infocommunications Authority empowered to fine any outlet, print, broadcast or online, for coverage it deemed unbalanced or offensive to public morality.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2010-hungary-media-law-content-authority" }, { "slug": "2007-venezuela-rctv-license-not-renewed", "title": "Venezuela: the government declines to renew RCTV's broadcast concession", "occurred_on": "2007-05-27", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "VE", "country_name": "Venezuela", "continent": "south-america", "jurisdiction": "VE", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "hugo-chavez", "leader_name": "Hugo Chavez", "issue_of_the_day": "President Hugo Chavez's government accused RCTV of supporting the failed April 2002 coup attempt against him, an accusation the government cited alongside the concession's scheduled expiration.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2015-09-08", "outcome_note": "A regional human rights court found in 2015 that the 2007 non-renewal violated free expression, but the source reviewed does not report RCTV's return to open-signal broadcasting.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": "The country's most-watched television channel lost its national broadcast concession entirely, later found by an international court to have been aimed at ending its critical coverage.", "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 159, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "2000s", "granularity": "granular", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Venezuela's government let Radio Caracas Television's twenty-year broadcast concession expire rather than renew it, replacing the country's most-watched channel with a new state broadcaster; a regional human rights court later found the decision violated free expression.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2007-venezuela-rctv-license-not-renewed" }, { "slug": "2003-us-pentagon-embedding-rules-iraq", "title": "Pentagon sets ground rules for journalists embedded with United States forces in Iraq", "occurred_on": "2003-02-10", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "US", "country_name": "United States", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "US", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "access_ban", "tactics": [ "access_ban", "prior_restraint" ], "leader_slug": "george-w-bush", "leader_name": "George W. Bush", "issue_of_the_day": "The buildup to and launch of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2003-04-14", "outcome_note": "The embedding program ran through the invasion and became the Pentagon's standard model for media access in later conflicts.", "stage": "restrict", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "2000s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Ahead of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Pentagon assigned about 600 journalists to travel with United States military units under written ground rules restricting what they could report about troop numbers, operations and casualties.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2003-us-pentagon-embedding-rules-iraq" }, { "slug": "2001-russia-gazprom-takeover-ntv", "title": "State-controlled Gazprom takes formal control of Russia's independent NTV television network", "occurred_on": "2001-04-14", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "RU", "country_name": "Russia", "continent": "europe", "jurisdiction": "RU", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "tactics": [ "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "vladimir-putin", "leader_name": "Vladimir Putin", "issue_of_the_day": "NTV's critical coverage of Russia's second war in Chechnya and of the government of President Vladimir Putin, who had taken office in May 2000.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "2001-04-14", "outcome_note": "The takeover was not reversed; most of NTV's original staff resigned in the following weeks rather than work under the new management.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 172, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "2000s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Gazprom, Russia's state-controlled gas company, used debts owed by NTV's parent company to take control of the country's last major independent television network at a shareholders' meeting, replacing its owner and top editors with its own appointees.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2001-russia-gazprom-takeover-ntv" }, { "slug": "1997-pe-ivcher-stripped-of-citizenship", "title": "Peru strips television station owner Baruch Ivcher of his citizenship after critical reporting", "occurred_on": "1997-07-01", "occurred_on_precision": "month", "country": "PE", "country_name": "Peru", "continent": "south-america", "jurisdiction": "PE", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "tactics": [ "funding_and_ownership_pressure", "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "alberto-fujimori", "leader_name": "Alberto Fujimori", "issue_of_the_day": "Frecuencia Latina-Canal 2's investigative reporting, including stories on alleged government wiretapping of journalists and opposition figures, had drawn friction with the Fujimori government in 1997.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": null, "outcome_note": "As of the Committee to Protect Journalists' report on 1999, Ivcher remained in exile and the Winter brothers retained majority control of Frecuencia Latina-Canal 2.", "stage": "pressure", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": null, "era": "1990s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "In July 1997, the government of President Alberto Fujimori stripped Baruch Ivcher, the Israeli-born owner of Peru's Frecuencia Latina-Canal 2 television station, of his Peruvian citizenship, making him ineligible under Peruvian law to own the station. The Committee to Protect Journalists said it believed the action came \"in direct reprisal for investigative reports of Frecuencia Latina-Canal 2.\"", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1997-pe-ivcher-stripped-of-citizenship" }, { "slug": "1997-by-sheremet-imprisoned-for-ort-reporting", "title": "Belarus jails journalist Pavel Sheremet over his reporting for Russian television station ORT", "occurred_on": "1997-01-01", "occurred_on_precision": "year", "country": "BY", "country_name": "Belarus", "continent": "europe", "jurisdiction": "BY", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "detention_and_violence", "tactics": [ "detention_and_violence" ], "leader_slug": "alexander-lukashenko", "leader_name": "Alexander Lukashenko", "issue_of_the_day": "Sheremet's reporting on Belarus for ORT was often critical of authorities under President Alexander Lukashenko.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": null, "outcome_note": "Belarusian authorities later stripped Sheremet of his Belarusian citizenship in 2010, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists.", "stage": "punish", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 165, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 165th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1990s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "In 1997, Belarusian authorities under President Alexander Lukashenko jailed journalist Pavel Sheremet for three months in connection with his reporting for the Russian television station ORT. The Committee to Protect Journalists said the same authorities also banned Sheremet from reporting at one point and forbade him from traveling to the West for a year.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1997-by-sheremet-imprisoned-for-ort-reporting" }, { "slug": "1991-gulf-war-us-military-press-pools", "title": "United States military restricts reporters to escorted press pools during the Gulf War", "occurred_on": "1991-01-17", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "US", "country_name": "United States", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "US", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "access_ban", "tactics": [ "access_ban", "detention_and_violence" ], "leader_slug": "george-hw-bush", "leader_name": "George H. W. Bush", "issue_of_the_day": "U.S.-led coalition forces' campaign to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's August 1990 invasion.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1991-02-28", "outcome_note": "The pool system stayed in place through the war's end on February 28, 1991; the legal challenge in Nation Magazine v. Department of Defense was later dismissed as moot.", "stage": "restrict", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1990s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "The U.S. military required reporters covering the 1991 Gulf War to work in escorted \"pools\" rather than move freely, reviewed pool dispatches before release, and reporters who left the pools were captured or detained.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1991-gulf-war-us-military-press-pools" }, { "slug": "1989-china-tiananmen-foreign-journalists-expelled", "title": "China expels foreign journalists and restricts coverage of the Tiananmen Square protests", "occurred_on": "1989-06-14", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "CN", "country_name": "China", "continent": "asia", "jurisdiction": "CN", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial", "tactics": [ "access_ban", "expulsion_and_visa_denial" ], "leader_slug": "li-peng", "leader_name": "Li Peng", "issue_of_the_day": "Student-led pro-democracy protests had occupied Tiananmen Square for weeks before the government declared martial law and then used the military to clear the square in early June 1989, and moved to control international coverage of the events that followed.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1990-01-01", "outcome_note": "Martial law in Beijing was lifted in January 1990, but broad Chinese government controls on foreign press coverage continued well beyond that date.", "stage": "punish", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 178, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1980s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "After declaring martial law in Beijing on May 20, 1989, China's government imposed rigid restrictions on coverage of pro-democracy protests and, following the military's June 3-4 clearing of Tiananmen Square, expelled Associated Press correspondent John Pomfret and Voice of America correspondent Alan Pessin.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1989-china-tiananmen-foreign-journalists-expelled" }, { "slug": "1987-malaysia-printing-act-bars-court-review", "title": "Malaysia: Printing Presses and Publications Act amended to bar court review of publishing permits, 1987", "occurred_on": "1987-01-01", "occurred_on_precision": "year", "country": "MY", "country_name": "Malaysia", "continent": "asia", "jurisdiction": "MY", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "mahathir-mohamad", "leader_name": "Mahathir Mohamad", "issue_of_the_day": "The press-law amendment followed Mahathir's use of the Internal Security Act against political opponents and activists in October 1987, at a time when Malaysia's courts had begun reviewing legal challenges to his own conduct in office.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": null, "outcome_note": "The 1987 amendments to the Printing Presses and Publications Act remained in force, according to the United States State Department's account of Malaysia's press law.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 95, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 95th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1980s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Malaysia's government amended the Printing Presses and Publications Act in 1987 to expand its power to ban or restrict publications and to bar any court challenge to the suspension or revocation of a publishing permit. The change came the same year Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's government arrested 106 opposition politicians and activists in an operation known by the codename Lalang.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1987-malaysia-printing-act-bars-court-review" }, { "slug": "1977-south-africa-world-newspaper-banned-qoboza-detained", "title": "South Africa bans The World and Weekend World newspapers and detains editor Percy Qoboza", "occurred_on": "1977-10-19", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "ZA", "country_name": "South Africa", "continent": "africa", "jurisdiction": "ZA", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "detention_and_violence", "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "john-vorster", "leader_name": "Balthazar Johannes Vorster", "issue_of_the_day": "The bannings and detentions followed the September 1977 death in police custody of Black Consciousness Movement leader Steve Biko and accompanied the government's move to outlaw nineteen Black Consciousness organizations on the same day.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1978-03-01", "outcome_note": "Qoboza was released from detention in March 1978 after international pressure, but The World did not resume publication.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 21, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1970s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "On October 19, 1977, a day South Africans came to call Black Wednesday, the government banned the newspapers The World and Weekend World and had the Special Branch police arrest editor Percy Qoboza and deputy editor Aggrey Klaaste. Qoboza was detained without charge under the Internal Security Act until his release in March 1978, and The World did not resume publication.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1977-south-africa-world-newspaper-banned-qoboza-detained" }, { "slug": "1973-chile-coup-press-shutdown", "title": "Chile's military government shuts opposition radio stations and newspapers after the 1973 coup", "occurred_on": "1973-09-11", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "CL", "country_name": "Chile", "continent": "south-america", "jurisdiction": "CL", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "shutdowns_and_blocking", "tactics": [ "detention_and_violence", "shutdowns_and_blocking" ], "leader_slug": "augusto-pinochet", "leader_name": "Augusto Pinochet", "issue_of_the_day": "Chile's armed forces were in the process of overthrowing President Salvador Allende's elected government on September 11, 1973, and moved to suppress broadcasters and newspapers that continued to support him as the coup unfolded.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1990-03-01", "outcome_note": "Press restrictions continued under military rule until Chile's return to civilian government in March 1990, after Pinochet lost a 1988 plebiscite on his continued rule.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 70, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 70th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1970s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "On the day of the September 11, 1973 military coup that overthrew President Salvador Allende, Chile's armed forces bombed and shut down radio stations that opposed the takeover, arrested journalists and closed newspapers aligned with the ousted government, under the military junta led by Augusto Pinochet.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1973-chile-coup-press-shutdown" }, { "slug": "1959-cuba-castro-criticizes-diario-de-la-marina", "title": "Cuba: Prime Minister Fidel Castro publicly criticizes Havana newspapers that questioned his government, September 1959", "occurred_on": "1959-09-28", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "CU", "country_name": "Cuba", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "CU", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "disinformation_labeling", "tactics": [ "disinformation_labeling" ], "leader_slug": "fidel-castro", "leader_name": "Fidel Castro", "issue_of_the_day": "Nine months after Castro's government took power on January 1, 1959, Havana's remaining independent newspapers were increasingly at odds with the government over its economic program and treatment of critics, a dispute the Inter American Press Association also took up that year.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1960-05-11", "outcome_note": "Diario de la Marina continued publishing independently for a further eight months before its own workers, organized in unions, took the paper over on May 11, 1960, and its publisher went into exile.", "stage": "pressure", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": null, "era": "1950s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "In a September 28, 1959 television appearance, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro criticized Havana newspapers, including Diario de la Marina, that had questioned his government's actions, along with the Inter American Press Association's decision to examine press freedom in Cuba. Diario de la Marina answered the next day that the revolutionary government limited the press in ways short of formally shutting it down, and other independent papers joined the objection.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1959-cuba-castro-criticizes-diario-de-la-marina" }, { "slug": "1955-us-eastland-subcommittee-subpoenas-new-york-times", "title": "United States Senate panel subpoenas dozens of New York Times journalists over Communist ties", "occurred_on": "1955-11-01", "occurred_on_precision": "month", "country": "US", "country_name": "United States", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "US", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "surveillance_and_subpoenas", "tactics": [ "surveillance_and_subpoenas" ], "leader_slug": "dwight-d-eisenhower", "leader_name": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "issue_of_the_day": "Senator Eastland's subcommittee was investigating what it described as Communist Party influence in American newsrooms and broadcasting during the Cold War, and treated past party membership among journalists as grounds for scrutiny.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1956-12-01", "outcome_note": "The dismissals and resignations at The New York Times and other papers were not reversed; the paper said at year's end it had made no further dismissals beyond the initial cases.", "stage": "punish", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1950s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, led by Senator James Eastland, issued 35 subpoenas over past or present Communist Party ties in the press, and 26 of them went to New York Times staff. The newspaper protested but several employees who would not answer were fired or forced to resign.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1955-us-eastland-subcommittee-subpoenas-new-york-times" }, { "slug": "1951-argentina-peron-la-prensa-handed-to-cgt", "title": "Argentina: President Juan Perón's government hands the expropriated newspaper La Prensa to the CGT labor federation, October 1951", "occurred_on": "1951-10-01", "occurred_on_precision": "month", "country": "AR", "country_name": "Argentina", "continent": "south-america", "jurisdiction": "AR", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "outlet_licensing", "shutdowns_and_blocking" ], "leader_slug": "juan-peron", "leader_name": "Juan Perón", "issue_of_the_day": "President Perón was campaigning for re election ahead of Argentina's November 11, 1951 vote, and Loyalty Day, the Peronist holiday marking the anniversary of a 1945 labor mobilization that returned Perón to power, was built up that year as a high point of the campaign.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1951-10-01", "outcome_note": "La Prensa remained under CGT control until Perón's government was overthrown in 1955, after which it was returned to its previous owners.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 98, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1950s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "La Prensa, one of Argentina's leading newspapers and a longtime critic of President Juan Perón's government, was expropriated by the state earlier in 1951. In October 1951, the government formally handed the paper to the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT), the country's main labor federation, which began publishing it.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1951-argentina-peron-la-prensa-handed-to-cgt" }, { "slug": "1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code", "title": "United States creates an Office of Censorship and a wartime code for the press", "occurred_on": "1941-12-19", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "US", "country_name": "United States", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "US", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint", "tactics": [ "prior_restraint", "secrets_and_espionage_laws" ], "leader_slug": "franklin-d-roosevelt", "leader_name": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had just entered the Second World War after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the government wanted to prevent newspapers and broadcasters from unintentionally publishing information useful to enemy forces.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1945-09-28", "outcome_note": "The Office of Censorship operated on the press's voluntary compliance through the war and was abolished by executive order after Japan's surrender.", "stage": "pressure", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 64, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1940s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Twelve days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt created the Office of Censorship. Its director, Byron Price, a former Associated Press editor, wrote a Code of Wartime Practices asking newspapers and broadcasters to withhold information such as troop movements, and most of the press followed it voluntarily.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-us-office-of-censorship-wartime-press-code" }, { "slug": "1941-greece-directorate-general-press-radio", "title": "Greece: collaborationist government creates a Directorate-General for Press and Radio to review films and publications before release", "occurred_on": "1941-05-08", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "GR", "country_name": "Greece", "continent": "europe", "jurisdiction": "GR", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint", "tactics": [ "outlet_licensing", "prior_restraint" ], "leader_slug": "georgios-tsolakoglou", "leader_name": "Georgios Tsolakoglou", "issue_of_the_day": "The film and publication review apparatus operated during the Axis occupation of Greece, which began in April 1941 when Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria divided the country into occupation zones.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": null, "outcome_note": "The Directorate-General continued to license and review films and publications, with German Embassy oversight, through the years covered by its surviving archive.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": null, "era": "1940s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "The collaborationist government installed in occupied Greece created a Directorate-General for Press and Radio to take over and expand the prior review powers of the prewar Metaxas dictatorship, requiring official permission before films, plays, music, and publications could reach the public. German Embassy officials reviewed the same material and could overrule the Greek reviewers.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-greece-directorate-general-press-radio" }, { "slug": "1939-canada-defence-of-canada-regulations-censorship", "title": "Canada: War Measures Act regulations authorize review of hundreds of newspapers and ban political organizations", "occurred_on": "1939-09-03", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "CA", "country_name": "Canada", "continent": "north-america", "jurisdiction": "CA", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint", "tactics": [ "detention_and_violence", "outlet_licensing", "prior_restraint" ], "leader_slug": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king", "leader_name": "William Lyon Mackenzie King", "issue_of_the_day": "The Regulations took effect in the first days of Canada's involvement in the Second World War, one week before Canada's own declaration against Germany.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1945-12-31", "outcome_note": "The Defence of Canada Regulations remained in force for the duration of the war and were replaced by similar legislation on December 31, 1945.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 20, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1930s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Canada invoked the War Measures Act at the outset of the Second World War and used it to bring in the Defence of Canada Regulations, which gave the government power to review and restrict hundreds of newspapers and periodicals and to ban dozens of organizations, including the Communist Party of Canada.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1939-canada-defence-of-canada-regulations-censorship" }, { "slug": "1937-japan-newspaper-law-war-censorship", "title": "Japan: government requires clearance to publish war news under the Newspaper Law, 1937", "occurred_on": "1937-07-01", "occurred_on_precision": "month", "country": "JP", "country_name": "Japan", "continent": "asia", "jurisdiction": "JP", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint", "tactics": [ "prior_restraint" ], "leader_slug": "fumimaro-konoe", "leader_name": "Fumimaro Konoe", "issue_of_the_day": "Japan's full scale war with China, which began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937, produced the war coverage that the government sought to control.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": null, "outcome_note": "By the government's own assessment, most newspapers were already shaping their coverage to what officials wanted before formal rejection was needed.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": null, "era": "1930s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "After Japan's war with China escalated into full scale conflict in July 1937, the government invoked Article 27 of the Newspaper Law to require government clearance before publishing war related news, while a Home Ministry directive to local officials banned the printing of what it called \"fallacies\" that could \"confuse the hearts of people and induce social unrest.\" By August 1937 the Army Ministry found that about eighty percent of submitted articles were approved, a result that reflected editors submitting only material they expected would pass.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1937-japan-newspaper-law-war-censorship" }, { "slug": "1933-germany-reichstag-fire-decree-press-suspension", "title": "Germany: Reichstag Fire Decree suspends freedom of the press, February 1933", "occurred_on": "1933-02-28", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "DE", "country_name": "Germany", "continent": "europe", "jurisdiction": "DE", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "adolf-hitler", "leader_name": "Adolf Hitler", "issue_of_the_day": "The decree followed Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on January 30, 1933, and an earlier February 4 order that had already restricted the press and authorized police to ban political meetings and marches.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1945-05-01", "outcome_note": "The decree remained in force until Germany's defeat in May 1945.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 14, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1930s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Weeks after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor, the government used a fire that heavily damaged the Reichstag building to obtain President Paul von Hindenburg's approval for a decree suspending the constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press, along with the rights to assembly and free expression of opinion. The decree gave the government the power to arrest political opponents without specific charge, dissolve political organizations and suppress publications, and it remained in force until Germany's defeat in 1945.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-germany-reichstag-fire-decree-press-suspension" }, { "slug": "1926-dutch-east-indies-mawa-article-153bis", "title": "Dutch East Indies: Colonial authorities end publication of the communist newspaper Mawa under Penal Code Article 153 bis, 1926", "occurred_on": "1926-01-01", "occurred_on_precision": "year", "country": "ID", "country_name": "Indonesia", "continent": "asia", "jurisdiction": "ID", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "outlet_licensing", "secrets_and_espionage_laws" ], "leader_slug": "andries-de-graeff", "leader_name": "Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff", "issue_of_the_day": "Communist organizing was spreading among Indonesian workers' movements in the mid-1920s, and in November 1926 members of the Communist Party of the Indies rose up in Batavia and the Banten region, an uprising that colonial authorities put down.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1926-01-01", "outcome_note": "Mawa did not resume publishing, and the colonial government's restrictions on communist-linked newspapers continued after the 1926 uprising.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": null, "era": "1920s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "In 1926, colonial authorities in the Dutch East Indies ended publication of Mawa, a newspaper linked to the Communist Association of the Indies in Soerakarta, through repeated use of Article 153 bis of the colonial Penal Code, which criminalized advocating the overthrow of the government. The action came in the same year that a new Governor-General took office and colonial authorities put down a communist uprising in Batavia and the Banten region.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1926-dutch-east-indies-mawa-article-153bis" }, { "slug": "1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage", "title": "Britain's Official Press Bureau controls newspaper coverage of the First World War", "occurred_on": "1914-08-27", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "GB", "country_name": "United Kingdom", "continent": "europe", "jurisdiction": "GB", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint", "tactics": [ "prior_restraint", "secrets_and_espionage_laws" ], "leader_slug": "herbert-asquith", "leader_name": "Herbert Henry Asquith", "issue_of_the_day": "Britain had just entered the First World War, and the government sought to prevent newspapers from publishing information that might aid German forces or reveal the movements of British troops.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1914-11-12", "outcome_note": "The Press Bureau continued controlling war news months later, when members of Parliament again raised complaints in the House of Commons on November 12, 1914.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 18, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1910s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "Weeks after Britain entered the First World War, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith told the House of Commons that the Official Press Bureau was the sole channel through which the Admiralty, the War Office and other departments released naval and military information to newspapers. Members of Parliament later complained in the Commons that the Bureau delayed and withheld war news from the public.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage" }, { "slug": "1913-ottoman-empire-press-law-bars-officials-from-editing-newspapers", "title": "Ottoman Empire bars lawmakers and officials from editing newspapers and jails a leading editor", "occurred_on": "1913-03-09", "occurred_on_precision": "day", "country": "TR", "country_name": "Türkiye", "continent": "asia", "jurisdiction": "TR", "level": "national", "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing", "tactics": [ "detention_and_violence", "outlet_licensing" ], "leader_slug": "mehmed-v", "leader_name": "Mehmed V", "issue_of_the_day": "The Committee of Union and Progress had just retaken control of the Ottoman government in a coup in January 1913, after a period in which opposition newspapers had used loopholes in the 1909 press law to keep publishing despite suspension orders.", "outcome": "sustained", "outcome_on": "1913-03-09", "outcome_note": "The March 1913 amendment and its retroactive ban on lawmakers and officials editing newspapers remained the law under the Committee of Union and Progress government.", "stage": "silence", "ladder_note": null, "rsf": { "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index", "year": 2026, "rank": 163, "of": 180, "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180", "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index" }, "era": "1910s", "granularity": "anchor", "status": "historical", "case_count": 0, "summary": "In March 1913 the Ottoman government amended its 1909 press law, barring members of parliament and state officials from serving as newspaper editors and applying the ban retroactively to every periodical already in print. The revision followed the martial court prosecution of Tanin editor Huseyin Cahid, who was jailed for continuing to publish after a protest suspension in 1912.", "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1913-ottoman-empire-press-law-bars-officials-from-editing-newspapers" } ], "other_results": [], "downloads": { "csv": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?level=national&outcome=sustained&page=2&format=csv", "json": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.json?level=national&outcome=sustained&page=2", "md": "https://thewaronnews.com/search.md?level=national&outcome=sustained&page=2" }, "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } }