{
  "title": "Search, outcome reversed",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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        "value": "BR",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 169th of 180",
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        "label": "Germany",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
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        "value": "HT",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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      {
        "value": "IR",
        "label": "Iran",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 177,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 177th of 180",
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        "value": "MA",
        "label": "Morocco",
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        "value": "MM",
        "label": "Myanmar",
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          "rank": 166,
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180",
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        "value": "NG",
        "label": "Nigeria",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 112th of 180",
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        "value": "KP",
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        "value": "PH",
        "label": "Philippines",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 114th of 180",
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        "value": "PL",
        "label": "Poland",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 27,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180",
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        "value": "PT",
        "label": "Portugal",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 10,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180",
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      {
        "value": "RU",
        "label": "Russia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 172,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
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      {
        "value": "RS",
        "label": "Serbia",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 104,
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180",
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        "value": "ZA",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180",
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        "value": "KR",
        "label": "South Korea",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 47th of 180",
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        "value": "ES",
        "label": "Spain",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 29,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
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      },
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        "value": "TR",
        "label": "Türkiye",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 163,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
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        "value": "GB",
        "label": "United Kingdom",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 18,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
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      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
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      },
      {
        "value": "ZW",
        "label": "Zimbabwe",
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          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
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          "rank": 124,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "africa",
        "label": "Africa"
      },
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      },
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      },
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      },
      {
        "value": "oceania",
        "label": "Oceania"
      }
    ],
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      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
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      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
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      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
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      {
        "value": "surveillance_and_subpoenas",
        "label": "Surveillance and subpoenas",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
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      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 5
      },
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "disinformation_labeling",
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        "count": 2
      },
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        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
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    ],
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      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
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      },
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        "value": "pressure",
        "label": "Pressure",
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      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
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      {
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      {
        "value": "eliminate",
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    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
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      {
        "value": "state_or_province",
        "label": "State or province",
        "count": 4
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      {
        "value": "municipal",
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    "outcome": [
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        "value": "adly-mansour",
        "label": "Adly Mansour"
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      {
        "value": "adolf-hitler",
        "label": "Adolf Hitler"
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      {
        "value": "alexander-dubcek",
        "label": "Alexander Dubček"
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      {
        "value": "alexander-lukashenko",
        "label": "Alexander Lukashenko"
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      {
        "value": "antonio-salazar",
        "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar"
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      {
        "value": "aung-san-suu-kyi",
        "label": "Aung San Suu Kyi"
      },
      {
        "value": "barack-obama",
        "label": "Barack Obama"
      },
      {
        "value": "chun-doo-hwan",
        "label": "Chun Doo-hwan"
      },
      {
        "value": "daniel-francois-malan",
        "label": "Daniel François Malan"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "doug-ducey",
        "label": "Doug Ducey"
      },
      {
        "value": "ferdinand-marcos",
        "label": "Ferdinand Marcos"
      },
      {
        "value": "francisco-franco",
        "label": "Francisco Franco"
      },
      {
        "value": "getulio-vargas",
        "label": "Getúlio Vargas"
      },
      {
        "value": "hassan-rouhani",
        "label": "Hassan Rouhani"
      },
      {
        "value": "ilham-aliyev",
        "label": "Ilham Aliyev"
      },
      {
        "value": "indira-gandhi",
        "label": "Indira Gandhi"
      },
      {
        "value": "jean-claude-duvalier",
        "label": "Jean-Claude Duvalier"
      },
      {
        "value": "joe-biden",
        "label": "Joe Biden"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-curtin",
        "label": "John Curtin"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-horgan",
        "label": "John Horgan"
      },
      {
        "value": "jorge-videla",
        "label": "Jorge Rafael Videla"
      },
      {
        "value": "kim-jong-il",
        "label": "Kim Jong Il"
      },
      {
        "value": "laura-kelly",
        "label": "Laura Kelly"
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      {
        "value": "margaret-thatcher",
        "label": "Margaret Thatcher"
      },
      {
        "value": "narendra-modi",
        "label": "Narendra Modi"
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      {
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        "label": "P. W. Botha"
      },
      {
        "value": "rafael-correa",
        "label": "Rafael Correa"
      },
      {
        "value": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
        "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
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      {
        "value": "richard-nixon",
        "label": "Richard Nixon"
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        "label": "Robert Mugabe"
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      {
        "value": "rodrigo-duterte",
        "label": "Rodrigo Duterte"
      },
      {
        "value": "ronald-reagan",
        "label": "Ronald Reagan"
      },
      {
        "value": "saadeddine-othmani",
        "label": "Saadeddine Othmani"
      },
      {
        "value": "sani-abacha",
        "label": "Sani Abacha"
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        "label": "Scott Morrison"
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        "label": "Slobodan Milosevic"
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        "label": "Theodore Christianson"
      },
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        "value": "tim-walz",
        "label": "Tim Walz"
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        "value": "viktor-orban",
        "label": "Viktor Orban"
      },
      {
        "value": "vladimir-putin",
        "label": "Vladimir Putin"
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      {
        "value": "wojciech-jaruzelski",
        "label": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 16
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 12
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
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      {
        "value": "1970s",
        "label": "1970s",
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      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 4
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      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1990s",
        "label": "1990s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1960s",
        "label": "1960s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1950s",
        "label": "1950s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
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        "value": "1927",
        "label": "1927",
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      },
      {
        "value": "1933",
        "label": "1933",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1938",
        "label": "1938",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1939",
        "label": "1939",
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      {
        "value": "1944",
        "label": "1944",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1950",
        "label": "1950",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1968",
        "label": "1968",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1971",
        "label": "1971",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1972",
        "label": "1972",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1975",
        "label": "1975",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1976",
        "label": "1976",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1980",
        "label": "1980",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1981",
        "label": "1981",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1983",
        "label": "1983",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1985",
        "label": "1985",
        "count": 1
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      {
        "value": "1988",
        "label": "1988",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1995",
        "label": "1995",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1998",
        "label": "1998",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2003",
        "label": "2003",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2009",
        "label": "2009",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010",
        "label": "2010",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2013",
        "label": "2013",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2014",
        "label": "2014",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2015",
        "label": "2015",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2019",
        "label": "2019",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 6
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      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
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      {
        "value": "2025",
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      {
        "value": "2026",
        "label": "2026",
        "count": 1
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    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
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      {
        "value": "1",
        "label": "with a court case",
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  },
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    {
      "slug": "1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law",
      "title": "United States Supreme Court strikes down a Minnesota law used to shut a newspaper",
      "occurred_on": "1927-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-MN",
      "level": "state_or_province",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "theodore-christianson",
      "leader_name": "Theodore Christianson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Saturday Press had run articles accusing Minneapolis officials, police and a local gangster of corruption and racketeering, allegations the county attorney treated as scandalous and defamatory under the state's 1925 nuisance law.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1931-06-01",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Minnesota law 5 to 4 as a restraint on publication in advance that the Constitution did not allow.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Hennepin County attorney used Minnesota's 1925 Public Nuisance Law to shut down The Saturday Press, a Minneapolis paper accusing officials of corruption. In 1931 the Supreme Court of the United States struck the law down, ruling that stopping a paper before publication was itself a form of press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law"
    }
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