{
  "title": "Search: prior restraint, stage: silence, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=prior_restraint&stage=silence&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "prior_restraint",
    "stage": "silence",
    "outcome": "sustained"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 4,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "CA",
        "label": "Canada",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
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        "value": "GR",
        "label": "Greece",
        "rsf": null
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      {
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        "label": "Japan",
        "rsf": null
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      {
        "value": "GB",
        "label": "United Kingdom",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      },
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "fumimaro-konoe",
        "label": "Fumimaro Konoe"
      },
      {
        "value": "georgios-tsolakoglou",
        "label": "Georgios Tsolakoglou"
      },
      {
        "value": "herbert-asquith",
        "label": "Herbert Henry Asquith"
      },
      {
        "value": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king",
        "label": "William Lyon Mackenzie King"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1914",
        "label": "1914",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1937",
        "label": "1937",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1939",
        "label": "1939",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 4
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1941-greece-directorate-general-press-radio",
      "title": "Greece: collaborationist government creates a Directorate-General for Press and Radio to review films and publications before release",
      "occurred_on": "1941-05-08",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GR",
      "country_name": "Greece",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "georgios-tsolakoglou",
      "leader_name": "Georgios Tsolakoglou",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The film and publication review apparatus operated during the Axis occupation of Greece, which began in April 1941 when Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria divided the country into occupation zones.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The Directorate-General continued to license and review films and publications, with German Embassy oversight, through the years covered by its surviving archive.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "1940s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The collaborationist government installed in occupied Greece created a Directorate-General for Press and Radio to take over and expand the prior review powers of the prewar Metaxas dictatorship, requiring official permission before films, plays, music, and publications could reach the public. German Embassy officials reviewed the same material and could overrule the Greek reviewers.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1941-greece-directorate-general-press-radio"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1939-canada-defence-of-canada-regulations-censorship",
      "title": "Canada: War Measures Act regulations authorize review of hundreds of newspapers and ban political organizations",
      "occurred_on": "1939-09-03",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CA",
      "country_name": "Canada",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "CA",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king",
      "leader_name": "William Lyon Mackenzie King",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Regulations took effect in the first days of Canada's involvement in the Second World War, one week before Canada's own declaration against Germany.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1945-12-31",
      "outcome_note": "The Defence of Canada Regulations remained in force for the duration of the war and were replaced by similar legislation on December 31, 1945.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 20,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Canada invoked the War Measures Act at the outset of the Second World War and used it to bring in the Defence of Canada Regulations, which gave the government power to review and restrict hundreds of newspapers and periodicals and to ban dozens of organizations, including the Communist Party of Canada.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1939-canada-defence-of-canada-regulations-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1937-japan-newspaper-law-war-censorship",
      "title": "Japan: government requires clearance to publish war news under the Newspaper Law, 1937",
      "occurred_on": "1937-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "JP",
      "country_name": "Japan",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "JP",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "fumimaro-konoe",
      "leader_name": "Fumimaro Konoe",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Japan's full scale war with China, which began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937, produced the war coverage that the government sought to control.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "By the government's own assessment, most newspapers were already shaping their coverage to what officials wanted before formal rejection was needed.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "After Japan's war with China escalated into full scale conflict in July 1937, the government invoked Article 27 of the Newspaper Law to require government clearance before publishing war related news, while a Home Ministry directive to local officials banned the printing of what it called \"fallacies\" that could \"confuse the hearts of people and induce social unrest.\" By August 1937 the Army Ministry found that about eighty percent of submitted articles were approved, a result that reflected editors submitting only material they expected would pass.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1937-japan-newspaper-law-war-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage",
      "title": "Britain's Official Press Bureau controls newspaper coverage of the First World War",
      "occurred_on": "1914-08-27",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GB",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "herbert-asquith",
      "leader_name": "Herbert Henry Asquith",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Britain had just entered the First World War, and the government sought to prevent newspapers from publishing information that might aid German forces or reveal the movements of British troops.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1914-11-12",
      "outcome_note": "The Press Bureau continued controlling war news months later, when members of Parliament again raised complaints in the House of Commons on November 12, 1914.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 18,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after Britain entered the First World War, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith told the House of Commons that the Official Press Bureau was the sole channel through which the Admiralty, the War Office and other departments released naval and military information to newspapers. Members of Parliament later complained in the Commons that the Bureau delayed and withheld war news from the public.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}