{
  "title": "Search: credential control, outcome sustained",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?tactic=credential_control&outcome=sustained",
  "filters": {
    "tactic": "credential_control",
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  "sort": "date",
  "count": 3,
  "page": 1,
  "pages": 1,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "CN",
        "label": "China",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 178,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
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      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
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      {
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        "label": "Asia"
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      {
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        "label": "North America"
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    ],
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      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
        "label": "Expulsion and visa denial",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "restrict",
        "label": "Restrict",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "punish",
        "label": "Punish",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 3
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    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "xi-jinping",
        "label": "Xi Jinping"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 3
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "2025-whca-loses-control-of-press-pool",
      "title": "United States: White House takes over selection of the presidential press pool, February 2025",
      "occurred_on": "2025-02-25",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "access_ban",
      "tactics": [
        "access_ban",
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "donald-trump",
      "leader_name": "Donald Trump",
      "issue_of_the_day": null,
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2026-09-22",
      "outcome_note": "The White House selects the pool as of 2026-09-22, according to the Associated Press (s104).",
      "stage": "restrict",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "On February 25, 2025, the White House announced that it would decide which journalists join the press pool, the small rotating group of reporters who cover the president of the United States in spaces such as the Oval Office and Air Force One and share what they gather with other outlets. The White House Correspondents' Association (WHCA), the organization of reporters who cover the president, said that for more than a century \"working journalists\" and \"not government officials\" had \"determined pool rotation procedures.\" As of 2026-09-22, the White House selects the pool, according to the Associated Press.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2025-whca-loses-control-of-press-pool"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-press-card-visa-restrictions-us-outlets",
      "title": "China: press credentials and visas withheld from correspondents at three American newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-18",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The findings covered a year in which China expelled dozens of foreign journalists amid tit-for-tat measures with the United States and additional restrictions tied to the coronavirus outbreak.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "2021-03-03",
      "outcome_note": "The credential and visa denials were in force for the year covered by the survey, with no reversal reported in the source reviewed.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": "Credentials and visas needed to work at all were denied to correspondents at three named outlets on a national scale, on top of earlier individual expulsion orders.",
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A survey by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of China found the government refused new press credentials to journalists tied to American outlets and cancelled or refused visas for correspondents at the New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post through 2020.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-press-card-visa-restrictions-us-outlets"
    },
    {
      "slug": "2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists",
      "title": "China expels American journalists from three major U.S. newspapers",
      "occurred_on": "2020-03-17",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "CN",
      "country_name": "China",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "CN",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "expulsion_and_visa_denial",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "expulsion_and_visa_denial"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "xi-jinping",
      "leader_name": "Xi Jinping",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The expulsions followed a rapid exchange of measures: a Wall Street Journal opinion piece China objected to, the U.S. capping Chinese state-media staff, and China's decision to expel American reporters from three outlets in response, all unfolding as the coronavirus pandemic was spreading globally.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "The expelled journalists' press credentials were not restored; reciprocal media restrictions between the two countries continued for years afterward.",
      "stage": "punish",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 178,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "2020s",
      "granularity": "granular",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "China ordered American correspondents for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post to leave the country, in a reciprocal response to the Trump administration capping the number of Chinese state-media employees allowed in the United States, which itself followed China's earlier expulsion of three Journal reporters over an opinion headline.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2020-china-expels-us-newspaper-journalists"
    }
  ],
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  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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}