{
  "title": "Search, stage: silence",
  "canonical_url": "https://thewaronnews.com/search?stage=silence&page=2",
  "filters": {
    "stage": "silence",
    "page": "2"
  },
  "sort": "date",
  "count": 63,
  "page": 2,
  "pages": 2,
  "per_page": 50,
  "counts_caveat": "The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.",
  "facets": {
    "country": [
      {
        "value": "AR",
        "label": "Argentina",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 98,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "AU",
        "label": "Australia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 33,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "BY",
        "label": "Belarus",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 165,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 165th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "BR",
        "label": "Brazil",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 52,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "KH",
        "label": "Cambodia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 151,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "CA",
        "label": "Canada",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 20,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 20th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "CL",
        "label": "Chile",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 70,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 70th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "CZ",
        "label": "Czechia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 11,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 11th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/country-czechia"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "EG",
        "label": "Egypt",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 169,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 169th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ET",
        "label": "Ethiopia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 148,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "DE",
        "label": "Germany",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 14,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GR",
        "label": "Greece",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "HK",
        "label": "Hong Kong",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 140,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 140th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "HU",
        "label": "Hungary",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 74,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IN",
        "label": "India",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 157,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ID",
        "label": "Indonesia",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "IR",
        "label": "Iran",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 177,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 177th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "IL",
        "label": "Israel",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 116,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "JP",
        "label": "Japan",
        "rsf": null
      },
      {
        "value": "MY",
        "label": "Malaysia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 95,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 95th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "MM",
        "label": "Myanmar",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 166,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PH",
        "label": "Philippines",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 114,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 114th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PL",
        "label": "Poland",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 27,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "PT",
        "label": "Portugal",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 10,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "RU",
        "label": "Russia",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 172,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ZA",
        "label": "South Africa",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 21,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "KR",
        "label": "South Korea",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 47,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 47th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ES",
        "label": "Spain",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 29,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TZ",
        "label": "Tanzania",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 117,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 117th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "TR",
        "label": "Türkiye",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 163,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "GB",
        "label": "United Kingdom",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 18,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "US",
        "label": "United States",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 64,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "VE",
        "label": "Venezuela",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 159,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      },
      {
        "value": "ZW",
        "label": "Zimbabwe",
        "rsf": {
          "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
          "year": 2026,
          "rank": 124,
          "of": 180,
          "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180",
          "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
        }
      }
    ],
    "continent": [
      {
        "value": "africa",
        "label": "Africa"
      },
      {
        "value": "asia",
        "label": "Asia"
      },
      {
        "value": "europe",
        "label": "Europe"
      },
      {
        "value": "north-america",
        "label": "North America"
      },
      {
        "value": "south-america",
        "label": "South America"
      },
      {
        "value": "oceania",
        "label": "Oceania"
      }
    ],
    "tactic": [
      {
        "value": "outlet_licensing",
        "label": "Licensing and closure of outlets",
        "count": 27
      },
      {
        "value": "prior_restraint",
        "label": "Prior restraint",
        "count": 24
      },
      {
        "value": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
        "label": "Shutdowns and blocking",
        "count": 17
      },
      {
        "value": "detention_and_violence",
        "label": "Detention and violence",
        "count": 11
      },
      {
        "value": "funding_and_ownership_pressure",
        "label": "Funding and ownership pressure",
        "count": 10
      },
      {
        "value": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "label": "Secrets and espionage laws",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "access_ban",
        "label": "Access bans",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "credential_control",
        "label": "Credential control",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "label": "Insult and defamation laws",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "stage": [
      {
        "value": "silence",
        "label": "Silence",
        "count": 63
      }
    ],
    "level": [
      {
        "value": "national",
        "label": "National",
        "count": 58
      },
      {
        "value": "state_or_province",
        "label": "State or province",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "municipal",
        "label": "Municipal",
        "count": 1
      }
    ],
    "outcome": [
      {
        "value": "sustained",
        "label": "Sustained",
        "count": 26
      },
      {
        "value": "reversed",
        "label": "Reversed",
        "count": 21
      },
      {
        "value": "ongoing",
        "label": "Ongoing",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "unknown",
        "label": "Unknown",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "upheld",
        "label": "Upheld by a court",
        "count": 4
      }
    ],
    "leader": [
      {
        "value": "abiy-ahmed",
        "label": "Abiy Ahmed"
      },
      {
        "value": "adolf-hitler",
        "label": "Adolf Hitler"
      },
      {
        "value": "alexander-dubcek",
        "label": "Alexander Dubček"
      },
      {
        "value": "alexander-lukashenko",
        "label": "Alexander Lukashenko"
      },
      {
        "value": "andries-de-graeff",
        "label": "Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff"
      },
      {
        "value": "antonio-salazar",
        "label": "António de Oliveira Salazar"
      },
      {
        "value": "artur-costa-e-silva",
        "label": "Artur da Costa e Silva"
      },
      {
        "value": "augusto-pinochet",
        "label": "Augusto Pinochet"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-vorster",
        "label": "Balthazar Johannes Vorster"
      },
      {
        "value": "benjamin-netanyahu",
        "label": "Benjamin Netanyahu"
      },
      {
        "value": "bob-martinez",
        "label": "Bob Martinez"
      },
      {
        "value": "carrie-lam",
        "label": "Carrie Lam"
      },
      {
        "value": "chun-doo-hwan",
        "label": "Chun Doo-hwan"
      },
      {
        "value": "daniel-francois-malan",
        "label": "Daniel François Malan"
      },
      {
        "value": "david-ben-gurion",
        "label": "David Ben-Gurion"
      },
      {
        "value": "donald-trump",
        "label": "Donald Trump"
      },
      {
        "value": "edward-heath",
        "label": "Edward Heath"
      },
      {
        "value": "eurith-d-rivers",
        "label": "Eurith D. Rivers"
      },
      {
        "value": "ferdinand-marcos",
        "label": "Ferdinand Marcos"
      },
      {
        "value": "francisco-franco",
        "label": "Francisco Franco"
      },
      {
        "value": "fumimaro-konoe",
        "label": "Fumimaro Konoe"
      },
      {
        "value": "gamal-abdel-nasser",
        "label": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"
      },
      {
        "value": "george-hw-bush",
        "label": "George H. W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "value": "georgios-tsolakoglou",
        "label": "Georgios Tsolakoglou"
      },
      {
        "value": "getulio-vargas",
        "label": "Getúlio Vargas"
      },
      {
        "value": "hassan-rouhani",
        "label": "Hassan Rouhani"
      },
      {
        "value": "herbert-asquith",
        "label": "Herbert Henry Asquith"
      },
      {
        "value": "hugo-chavez",
        "label": "Hugo Chavez"
      },
      {
        "value": "hun-sen",
        "label": "Hun Sen"
      },
      {
        "value": "indira-gandhi",
        "label": "Indira Gandhi"
      },
      {
        "value": "j-james-exon",
        "label": "J. James Exon"
      },
      {
        "value": "javier-milei",
        "label": "Javier Milei"
      },
      {
        "value": "john-curtin",
        "label": "John Curtin"
      },
      {
        "value": "juan-peron",
        "label": "Juan Perón"
      },
      {
        "value": "mahathir-mohamad",
        "label": "Mahathir Mohamad"
      },
      {
        "value": "margaret-thatcher",
        "label": "Margaret Thatcher"
      },
      {
        "value": "mateusz-morawiecki",
        "label": "Mateusz Morawiecki"
      },
      {
        "value": "mehmed-v",
        "label": "Mehmed V"
      },
      {
        "value": "min-aung-hlaing",
        "label": "Min Aung Hlaing"
      },
      {
        "value": "narendra-modi",
        "label": "Narendra Modi"
      },
      {
        "value": "p-w-botha",
        "label": "P. W. Botha"
      },
      {
        "value": "recep-tayyip-erdogan",
        "label": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
      },
      {
        "value": "richard-nixon",
        "label": "Richard Nixon"
      },
      {
        "value": "robert-mugabe",
        "label": "Robert Mugabe"
      },
      {
        "value": "samia-suluhu-hassan",
        "label": "Samia Suluhu Hassan"
      },
      {
        "value": "saw-maung",
        "label": "Saw Maung"
      },
      {
        "value": "theodore-christianson",
        "label": "Theodore Christianson"
      },
      {
        "value": "viktor-orban",
        "label": "Viktor Orban"
      },
      {
        "value": "vladimir-lenin",
        "label": "Vladimir Lenin"
      },
      {
        "value": "vladimir-putin",
        "label": "Vladimir Putin"
      },
      {
        "value": "william-lyon-mackenzie-king",
        "label": "William Lyon Mackenzie King"
      },
      {
        "value": "wojciech-jaruzelski",
        "label": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
      },
      {
        "value": "woodrow-wilson",
        "label": "Woodrow Wilson"
      }
    ],
    "era": [
      {
        "value": "2020s",
        "label": "2020s",
        "count": 14
      },
      {
        "value": "2010s",
        "label": "2010s",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "1930s",
        "label": "1930s",
        "count": 8
      },
      {
        "value": "1970s",
        "label": "1970s",
        "count": 7
      },
      {
        "value": "1980s",
        "label": "1980s",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "1910s",
        "label": "1910s",
        "count": 4
      },
      {
        "value": "2000s",
        "label": "2000s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1960s",
        "label": "1960s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1940s",
        "label": "1940s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1920s",
        "label": "1920s",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1990s",
        "label": "1990s",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1950s",
        "label": "1950s",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "year": [
      {
        "value": "1913",
        "label": "1913",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1914",
        "label": "1914",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1917",
        "label": "1917",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1922",
        "label": "1922",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1926",
        "label": "1926",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1927",
        "label": "1927",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1933",
        "label": "1933",
        "count": 3
      },
      {
        "value": "1937",
        "label": "1937",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1938",
        "label": "1938",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1939",
        "label": "1939",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1941",
        "label": "1941",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1944",
        "label": "1944",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1948",
        "label": "1948",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1950",
        "label": "1950",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1951",
        "label": "1951",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1960",
        "label": "1960",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1968",
        "label": "1968",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1971",
        "label": "1971",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1972",
        "label": "1972",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1973",
        "label": "1973",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1975",
        "label": "1975",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1977",
        "label": "1977",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1980",
        "label": "1980",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1981",
        "label": "1981",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1985",
        "label": "1985",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1987",
        "label": "1987",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "1988",
        "label": "1988",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "1990",
        "label": "1990",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2001",
        "label": "2001",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2003",
        "label": "2003",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2007",
        "label": "2007",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2010",
        "label": "2010",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2016",
        "label": "2016",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2017",
        "label": "2017",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2018",
        "label": "2018",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2019",
        "label": "2019",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2020",
        "label": "2020",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2021",
        "label": "2021",
        "count": 6
      },
      {
        "value": "2022",
        "label": "2022",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2023",
        "label": "2023",
        "count": 2
      },
      {
        "value": "2024",
        "label": "2024",
        "count": 1
      },
      {
        "value": "2025",
        "label": "2025",
        "count": 2
      }
    ],
    "has_case": [
      {
        "value": "0",
        "label": "without a court case",
        "count": 63
      }
    ]
  },
  "results": [
    {
      "slug": "1938-spain-franco-press-law",
      "title": "Franco's Spain requires state permission to be a journalist under a wartime Press Law",
      "occurred_on": "1938-04-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "ES",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "insult_and_defamation_laws",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "francisco-franco",
      "leader_name": "Francisco Franco",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Franco's Nationalist forces were still fighting Spain's civil war in April 1938 and used the new Press Law to consolidate direct control over which newspapers could exist and who could work as a journalist within them.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1977-04-01",
      "outcome_note": "Spain abolished prior press controls by decree in April 1977, after Franco's 1975 death, ahead of the 1978 constitution that guaranteed freedom of the press.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 29,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "While Spain's civil war continued, the Nationalist government led by Francisco Franco enacted a Press Law in April 1938 requiring government permission to found a newspaper, work as a journalist or direct a paper, alongside continued pre-publication press controls and years-long prison terms for vaguely defined offenses.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1938-spain-franco-press-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1938-us-lovell-v-griffin-permit-requirement",
      "title": "United States: Supreme Court strikes down a Georgia city's permit requirement for distributing literature, 1938",
      "occurred_on": "1938-03-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-GA",
      "level": "municipal",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "eurith-d-rivers",
      "leader_name": "Eurith D. Rivers",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Lovell was a Jehovah's Witness distributing religious pamphlets and a magazine, activity that Griffin's ordinance treated the same as any other literature requiring a permit.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1938-03-28",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court reversed Lovell's conviction and sent the case back for further proceedings consistent with its ruling.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "The city of Griffin, Georgia, required written permission from the city manager before anyone could distribute pamphlets, circulars or magazines within its limits, treating unlicensed distribution as a punishable nuisance. Alma Lovell was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for distributing religious literature without a permit, and the Supreme Court of the United States reversed her conviction in 1938, ruling that the ordinance was invalid on its face.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1938-us-lovell-v-griffin-permit-requirement"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1937-japan-newspaper-law-war-censorship",
      "title": "Japan: government requires clearance to publish war news under the Newspaper Law, 1937",
      "occurred_on": "1937-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "JP",
      "country_name": "Japan",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "JP",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "fumimaro-konoe",
      "leader_name": "Fumimaro Konoe",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Japan's full scale war with China, which began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937, produced the war coverage that the government sought to control.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": null,
      "outcome_note": "By the government's own assessment, most newspapers were already shaping their coverage to what officials wanted before formal rejection was needed.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "After Japan's war with China escalated into full scale conflict in July 1937, the government invoked Article 27 of the Newspaper Law to require government clearance before publishing war related news, while a Home Ministry directive to local officials banned the printing of what it called \"fallacies\" that could \"confuse the hearts of people and induce social unrest.\" By August 1937 the Army Ministry found that about eighty percent of submitted articles were approved, a result that reflected editors submitting only material they expected would pass.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1937-japan-newspaper-law-war-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-germany-editors-law",
      "title": "Nazi Germany's Editors Law bars Jewish journalists, 1933",
      "occurred_on": "1933-10-04",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "DE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "credential_control",
      "tactics": [
        "credential_control",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "adolf-hitler",
      "leader_name": "Adolf Hitler",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Hitler's government, in power only since January 1933, was consolidating control over German public life and moved within months to bring newspapers and their editors directly under state and party direction.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1945-05-08",
      "outcome_note": "The Editors Law and the Reich Press Chamber ended with Nazi Germany's defeat and unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 14,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In 1933, Germany's Editors Law (Schriftleitergesetz) required journalists to register with a new state-controlled Reich Press Chamber and barred non-Aryans from the profession. Passed nine months after Adolf Hitler became chancellor, it also directed editors to omit anything judged harmful to the Reich's standing.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-germany-editors-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-germany-reichstag-fire-decree-press-suspension",
      "title": "Germany: Reichstag Fire Decree suspends freedom of the press, February 1933",
      "occurred_on": "1933-02-28",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "DE",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "adolf-hitler",
      "leader_name": "Adolf Hitler",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The decree followed Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on January 30, 1933, and an earlier February 4 order that had already restricted the press and authorized police to ban political meetings and marches.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1945-05-01",
      "outcome_note": "The decree remained in force until Germany's defeat in May 1945.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 14,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor, the government used a fire that heavily damaged the Reichstag building to obtain President Paul von Hindenburg's approval for a decree suspending the constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press, along with the rights to assembly and free expression of opinion. The decree gave the government the power to arrest political opponents without specific charge, dissolve political organizations and suppress publications, and it remained in force until Germany's defeat in 1945.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-germany-reichstag-fire-decree-press-suspension"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship",
      "title": "Portugal's Salazar government formally establishes press controls under a new constitution",
      "occurred_on": "1933-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "PT",
      "country_name": "Portugal",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "PT",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "antonio-salazar",
      "leader_name": "António de Oliveira Salazar",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Salazar's government was consolidating the Estado Novo behind a new 1933 constitution, and used the moment to formalize a system of press controls it had for years denied operating.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1974-04-25",
      "outcome_note": "Portugal's press controls apparatus ended with the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974, which overthrew the Estado Novo.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 10,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1930s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Portugal's government, led by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, had restricted the press since a 1926 military coup while officially denying it did so. In 1933, alongside a new constitution promising freedom of expression, the government openly established formal press controls for the first time.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law",
      "title": "Minnesota closes The Saturday Press in 1927; the Supreme Court strikes down the law in 1931",
      "occurred_on": "1927-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US-MN",
      "level": "state_or_province",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "theodore-christianson",
      "leader_name": "Theodore Christianson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Saturday Press had run articles accusing Minneapolis officials, police and a local gangster of corruption and racketeering, allegations the county attorney treated as scandalous and defamatory under the state's 1925 nuisance law.",
      "outcome": "reversed",
      "outcome_on": "1931-06-01",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Minnesota law 5 to 4 as a restraint on publication in advance that the Constitution did not allow.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "A Hennepin County attorney used Minnesota's 1925 Public Nuisance Law to shut down The Saturday Press, a Minneapolis paper accusing officials of corruption. In 1931 the Supreme Court of the United States struck the law down, ruling that stopping a paper before publication was itself a form of press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1931-us-near-v-minnesota-gag-law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1926-dutch-east-indies-mawa-article-153bis",
      "title": "Dutch East Indies: Colonial authorities end publication of the communist newspaper Mawa under Penal Code Article 153 bis, 1926",
      "occurred_on": "1926-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "ID",
      "country_name": "Indonesia",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "ID",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "andries-de-graeff",
      "leader_name": "Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Communist organizing was spreading among Indonesian workers' movements in the mid-1920s, and in November 1926 members of the Communist Party of the Indies rose up in Batavia and the Banten region, an uprising that colonial authorities put down.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1926-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "Mawa did not resume publishing, and the colonial government's restrictions on communist-linked newspapers continued after the 1926 uprising.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": null,
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In 1926, colonial authorities in the Dutch East Indies ended publication of Mawa, a newspaper linked to the Communist Association of the Indies in Soerakarta, through repeated use of Article 153 bis of the colonial Penal Code, which criminalized advocating the overthrow of the government. The action came in the same year that a new Governor-General took office and colonial authorities put down a communist uprising in Batavia and the Banten region.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1926-dutch-east-indies-mawa-article-153bis"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship",
      "title": "Glavlit created: Soviet censorship office, 1922",
      "occurred_on": "1922-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "RU",
      "country_name": "Russia",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "RU",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "outlet_licensing",
        "prior_restraint"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "vladimir-lenin",
      "leader_name": "Vladimir Lenin",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The new Soviet government, having just consolidated power after years of revolution and civil war, sought a single, centrally controlled system to replace the uncoordinated military and civilian press controls bodies it had inherited.",
      "outcome": "ongoing",
      "outcome_on": "1989-01-01",
      "outcome_note": "Glavlit's authority over publishing was still largely intact through the 1980s, though its standards were relaxed from 1988 under Gorbachev's glasnost policy before its 1991 dissolution.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 172,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1920s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In 1922, Soviet Russia created Glavlit, a single agency that reviewed newspapers, books, plays and even posters before they could be printed or performed. It was set up under Vladimir Lenin's government with final authority over what could appear. By 1930 no publication in the Soviet Union could appear without its approval.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1922-ussr-glavlit-censorship"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail",
      "title": "United States postmaster bars the magazine The Masses from the mail under the Espionage Act",
      "occurred_on": "1917-07-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "month",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The United States had entered the First World War three months earlier and introduced a military draft. The Masses had run cartoons and articles opposing the war and conscription, which the Post Office treated as material likely to obstruct recruiting.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1917-11-01",
      "outcome_note": "The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed Judge Hand's order later in 1917, and the Post Office's mail ban on The Masses stood.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after the United States entered the First World War, the New York postmaster used the new Espionage Act, a law against interfering with military recruitment, to bar the socialist magazine The Masses from the mail. A judge's order protecting the magazine was reversed on appeal.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader",
      "title": "United States Postmaster General Burleson strips the Milwaukee Leader of its mailing rate",
      "occurred_on": "1917-01-01",
      "occurred_on_precision": "year",
      "country": "US",
      "country_name": "United States",
      "continent": "north-america",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "shutdowns_and_blocking",
      "tactics": [
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws",
        "shutdowns_and_blocking"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "woodrow-wilson",
      "leader_name": "Woodrow Wilson",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Leader had published articles criticizing United States participation in the First World War and the draft, which the Post Office treated as violations of the Espionage Act's ban on obstructing military recruitment.",
      "outcome": "upheld",
      "outcome_on": "1921-03-07",
      "outcome_note": "The Supreme Court upheld the revocation of the Leader's mailing rate 7 to 2 in United States ex rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 64,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Postmaster General Albert Burleson used the wartime Espionage Act to strip the Milwaukee Leader, a socialist daily, of its low-cost second-class mailing rate, cutting off its main channel to readers. The Supreme Court upheld the revocation in 1921, over two dissents warning it amounted to press controls.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage",
      "title": "Britain's Official Press Bureau controls newspaper coverage of the First World War",
      "occurred_on": "1914-08-27",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "continent": "europe",
      "jurisdiction": "GB",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "prior_restraint",
      "tactics": [
        "prior_restraint",
        "secrets_and_espionage_laws"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "herbert-asquith",
      "leader_name": "Herbert Henry Asquith",
      "issue_of_the_day": "Britain had just entered the First World War, and the government sought to prevent newspapers from publishing information that might aid German forces or reveal the movements of British troops.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1914-11-12",
      "outcome_note": "The Press Bureau continued controlling war news months later, when members of Parliament again raised complaints in the House of Commons on November 12, 1914.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 18,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "Weeks after Britain entered the First World War, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith told the House of Commons that the Official Press Bureau was the sole channel through which the Admiralty, the War Office and other departments released naval and military information to newspapers. Members of Parliament later complained in the Commons that the Bureau delayed and withheld war news from the public.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1914-britain-press-bureau-controls-wartime-newspaper-coverage"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1913-ottoman-empire-press-law-bars-officials-from-editing-newspapers",
      "title": "Ottoman Empire bars lawmakers and officials from editing newspapers and jails a leading editor",
      "occurred_on": "1913-03-09",
      "occurred_on_precision": "day",
      "country": "TR",
      "country_name": "Türkiye",
      "continent": "asia",
      "jurisdiction": "TR",
      "level": "national",
      "tactic_primary": "outlet_licensing",
      "tactics": [
        "detention_and_violence",
        "outlet_licensing"
      ],
      "leader_slug": "mehmed-v",
      "leader_name": "Mehmed V",
      "issue_of_the_day": "The Committee of Union and Progress had just retaken control of the Ottoman government in a coup in January 1913, after a period in which opposition newspapers had used loopholes in the 1909 press law to keep publishing despite suspension orders.",
      "outcome": "sustained",
      "outcome_on": "1913-03-09",
      "outcome_note": "The March 1913 amendment and its retroactive ban on lawmakers and officials editing newspapers remained the law under the Committee of Union and Progress government.",
      "stage": "silence",
      "ladder_note": null,
      "rsf": {
        "index": "RSF World Press Freedom Index",
        "year": 2026,
        "rank": 163,
        "of": 180,
        "label": "RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180",
        "source_url": "https://rsf.org/en/index"
      },
      "era": "1910s",
      "granularity": "anchor",
      "status": "historical",
      "case_count": 0,
      "summary": "In March 1913 the Ottoman government amended its 1909 press law, barring members of parliament and state officials from serving as newspaper editors and applying the ban retroactively to every periodical already in print. The revision followed the martial court prosecution of Tanin editor Huseyin Cahid, who was jailed for continuing to publish after a protest suspension in 1912.",
      "url": "https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1913-ottoman-empire-press-law-bars-officials-from-editing-newspapers"
    }
  ],
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