# Search in North America, outcome upheld by a court

The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.

Filters: country, continent, tactic, stage, from, to, level, actor, leader, outlet, outcome, source_kind, has_case, plus q, sort (date, date_asc, country, tactic, relevance), per_page (up to 100), page and view (table or cards), as query parameters.

5 incidents match this view.

| Date | Incident | Country | Tactic | Head of government | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 January 2013 | [United States prosecutes former CIA officer John Kiriakou under the Espionage Act for identifying a covert colleague to a journalist](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2012-us-john-kiriakou-espionage-act-cia-torture-source) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Secrets and espionage laws](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/secrets_and_espionage_laws) | [Barack Obama](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/barack-obama) | Upheld by a court (3 February 2015) |
| 6 July 2005 | [New York Times reporter Judith Miller jailed for refusing to name a confidential source in the Valerie Plame affair](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/2005-us-judith-miller-jailed-plame-source) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Surveillance and subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas) | [George W. Bush](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/george-w-bush) | Upheld by a court (29 September 2005) |
| 1969 | [United States Supreme Court rules reporters have no privilege to refuse grand jury subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1972-us-branzburg-v-hayes-reporters-privilege) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Surveillance and subpoenas](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/surveillance_and_subpoenas) | [Richard Nixon](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/richard-nixon) | Upheld by a court (29 June 1972) |
| July 1917 | [United States postmaster bars the magazine The Masses from the mail under the Espionage Act](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-espionage-act-bars-the-masses-from-the-mail) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Secrets and espionage laws](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/secrets_and_espionage_laws) | [Woodrow Wilson](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/woodrow-wilson) | Upheld by a court (1 November 1917) |
| 1917 | [United States Postmaster General Burleson strips the Milwaukee Leader of its mailing rate](https://thewaronnews.com/incidents/1917-us-burleson-mail-ban-milwaukee-leader) | [United States](https://thewaronnews.com/countries/us) ([RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180](https://rsf.org/en/index)) | [Shutdowns and blocking](https://thewaronnews.com/tactics/shutdowns_and_blocking) | [Woodrow Wilson](https://thewaronnews.com/leaders/woodrow-wilson) | Upheld by a court (7 March 1921) |

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Source page: https://thewaronnews.com/search?continent=north-america&outcome=upheld. The War On News, CC BY 4.0.