{
  "id": 175,
  "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
  "final_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227208532172",
  "title": "Press Censorship in Spain & Portugal",
  "publisher": "Index on Censorship (SAGE Publishing)",
  "published_on": "1972",
  "link_state": "bot_blocked",
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  "source_kind": "reference",
  "last_checked": "2026-09-23T01:50:04Z",
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      "http_status": 403,
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  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": 159,
      "statement": "The 1938 Press Law made government permission necessary to found a newspaper, to work as a professional journalist, or to be a newspaper's director.",
      "status": "current"
    },
    {
      "id": 160,
      "statement": "Authorities could prosecute journalists for what the law called the diffusion of false and tendentious news against the authority of the state, punishable by three to ten years in prison.",
      "status": "current"
    },
    {
      "id": 161,
      "statement": "Even after a 1966 law that claimed to end censorship, Spanish authorities imposed 180 penalties on the press between 1966 and 1968 and drafted still harsher prison terms for journalists.",
      "status": "current"
    },
    {
      "id": 162,
      "statement": "A 1926 decree, Law 12008, declared that no censorship existed in Portugal even though censorship had in fact been introduced after that year's coup.",
      "status": "current"
    },
    {
      "id": 163,
      "statement": "Only in 1933 did Salazar's government openly establish formal censorship, in the same year a new constitution guaranteed freedom of expression of thought in any form.",
      "status": "current"
    }
  ],
  "incidents": [
    {
      "slug": "1938-spain-franco-press-law",
      "title": "Franco's Spain requires state permission to be a journalist under a wartime Press Law"
    },
    {
      "slug": "1933-portugal-salazar-formal-censorship",
      "title": "Portugal's Salazar government formally establishes press controls under a new constitution"
    }
  ]
}