Incidents: insult and defamation laws, outcome reversed
Each incident is a dated action by a government, an official, a regulator, a court or a legislature that limited journalists' ability to gather or publish news.
The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.
3 incidents match this view.
Country: Ecuador, RSF 2026 rank: 125th of 180 Serbia, RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180 Spain, RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180
Continent: Europe South America
Tactic: Insult and defamation laws (3) Funding and ownership pressure (2) Credential control (1) Prior restraint (1)
Stage: Pressure (1) Punish (1) Silence (1)
Outcome: Reversed (3)
Level: National (3)
Head of government: Francisco Franco Rafael Correa Slobodan Milosevic
| Date | Incident | Country | Tactic | Head of government | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| June 25, 2013 | Ecuador's Organic Communication Law creates a regulator that issues hundreds of sanctions against journalists and outlets | Ecuador (RSF 2026 rank: 125th of 180) | Funding and ownership pressure | Rafael Correa | Reversed (February 20, 2019) |
| October 20, 1998 | Serbia's Public Information Act lets courts fine independent newspapers into financial danger | Serbia (RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180) | Insult and defamation laws | Slobodan Milosevic | Reversed (January 1, 2001) |
| April 1938 | Franco's Spain requires state permission to be a journalist under a wartime Press Law | Spain (RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180) | Credential control | Francisco Franco | Reversed (April 1, 1977) |
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