The War On News

How governments have limited journalists, 1900 to today.

Search, national level

The number of entries reflects the depth of this record, not the severity of a country's conduct.

117 incidents match this view. Showing 50 on page 2 of 3.

Country: Argentina, RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180 Australia, RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180 Bangladesh, RSF 2026 rank: 152nd of 180 Belarus, RSF 2026 rank: 165th of 180 Brazil, RSF 2026 rank: 52nd of 180 Cambodia, RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180 Chile, RSF 2026 rank: 70th of 180 China, RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180 Czechia, RSF 2026 rank: 11th of 180 Ecuador, RSF 2026 rank: 125th of 180 Egypt, RSF 2026 rank: 169th of 180 El Salvador, RSF 2026 rank: 143rd of 180 Ethiopia, RSF 2026 rank: 148th of 180 Georgia, RSF 2026 rank: 135th of 180 Germany, RSF 2026 rank: 14th of 180 Guatemala, RSF 2026 rank: 128th of 180 Haiti, RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180 Hong Kong, RSF 2026 rank: 140th of 180 Hungary, RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180 India, RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180 Iran, RSF 2026 rank: 177th of 180 Israel, RSF 2026 rank: 116th of 180 Malaysia, RSF 2026 rank: 95th of 180 Myanmar, RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180 Nicaragua, RSF 2026 rank: 168th of 180 Nigeria, RSF 2026 rank: 112th of 180 Pakistan, RSF 2026 rank: 153rd of 180 Philippines, RSF 2026 rank: 114th of 180 Poland, RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180 Portugal, RSF 2026 rank: 10th of 180 Russia, RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180 Saudi Arabia, RSF 2026 rank: 176th of 180 Serbia, RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180 Slovakia, RSF 2026 rank: 37th of 180 South Africa, RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180 South Korea, RSF 2026 rank: 47th of 180 Spain, RSF 2026 rank: 29th of 180 Tanzania, RSF 2026 rank: 117th of 180 Tunisia, RSF 2026 rank: 137th of 180 Türkiye, RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180 United Kingdom, RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180 United States, RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180 Venezuela, RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180 Zimbabwe, RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180

Continent: Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania

Tactic: Detention and violence (29) Funding and ownership pressure (24) Prior restraint (20) Licensing and closure of outlets (20) Surveillance and subpoenas (19) Access bans (18) Secrets and espionage laws (16) Shutdowns and blocking (14) Insult and defamation laws (10) Credential control (9) Expulsion and visa denial (9) Official labels (7) Lawsuits against the press (5)

Stage: Restrict (15) Pressure (28) Punish (36) Silence (30) Eliminate (8)

Outcome: Sustained (36) Reversed (36) Ongoing (21) Unknown (16) Upheld by a court (8)

Level: National (117)

Head of government: Abiy Ahmed Adly Mansour Adolf Hitler Alejandro Giammattei Aleksandar Vucic Alexander Dubček Alexander Lukashenko António de Oliveira Salazar Augusto Pinochet Aung San Suu Kyi Barack Obama Beata Szydlo Chun Doo-hwan Daniel François Malan Daniel Ortega David Ben-Gurion David Cameron Donald Trump Dwight D. Eisenhower Emmerson Mnangagwa Ferdinand Marcos Francisco Franco Franklin D. Roosevelt Gamal Abdel Nasser George H. W. Bush George W. Bush Getúlio Vargas Hun Sen Indira Gandhi Irakli Kobakhidze Javier Milei Jean-Claude Duvalier Joe Biden John Curtin John Lee John Magufuli Jorge Rafael Videla Kais Saied Li Peng Mahathir Mohamad Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Margaret Thatcher Min Aung Hlaing Muhammad Yunus Narendra Modi Nayib Bukele Nicolas Maduro P. W. Botha Rafael Correa Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Richard Nixon Robert Fico Robert Mugabe Ronald Reagan Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Samia Suluhu Hassan Sani Abacha Saw Maung Scott Morrison Shehbaz Sharif Slobodan Milosevic Viktor Orban Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Putin Wojciech Jaruzelski Woodrow Wilson Xi Jinping

DateIncidentCountryTacticHead of governmentOutcome
September 12, 2020Political appointees alter CDC coronavirus guidance before public releaseUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Prior restraintDonald TrumpUnknown
July 23, 2020Federal officers restrict press access to Portland protests; judge orders them to stopUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Access bansDonald TrumpReversed (July 23, 2020)
April 15, 2020Australia's High Court invalidates warrant for raid on journalist Annika SmethurstAustralia (RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasScott MorrisonReversed (May 27, 2020)
March 30, 2020Hungary criminalizes false coronavirus information and grants Orban decree powersHungary (RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180)Insult and defamation lawsViktor OrbanUnknown
March 17, 2020China expels American journalists from three major U.S. newspapersChina (RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180)Expulsion and visa denialXi JinpingSustained
August 5, 2019India imposes a communications blackout in Jammu and Kashmir after revoking the region's special statusIndia (RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180)Shutdowns and blockingNarendra ModiOngoing (August 5, 2020)
June 5, 2019Australian Federal Police raid the national broadcaster over reporting on alleged war crimes in AfghanistanAustralia (RSF 2026 rank: 33rd of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasScott MorrisonReversed (October 15, 2020)
May 23, 2019United States indicts WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange under the Espionage ActUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Secrets and espionage lawsDonald TrumpReversed (June 25, 2024)
November 7, 2018White House revokes CNN correspondent Jim Acosta's press credential after a news conference exchange with President TrumpUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Credential controlDonald TrumpReversed (November 19, 2018)
November 7, 2018United States: White House suspension of CNN correspondent Jim Acosta's hard pass, November 2018United States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Credential controlDonald TrumpReversed (November 19, 2018)
October 2, 2018Saudi Arabia's government kills journalist Jamal Khashoggi inside its Istanbul consulateSaudi Arabia (RSF 2026 rank: 176th of 180)Detention and violenceSalman bin Abdulaziz Al SaudUnknown
September 3, 2018Myanmar sentences two Reuters journalists to seven years under the Official Secrets Act for reporting on a massacreMyanmar (RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180)Secrets and espionage lawsAung San Suu KyiReversed (May 7, 2019)
March 16, 2018Tanzania requires bloggers and online publishers to register and pay an annual government feeTanzania (RSF 2026 rank: 117th of 180)Licensing and closure of outletsJohn MagufuliUnknown (April 12, 2018)
September 4, 2017Cambodia's government forces the closure of The Cambodia Daily with a disputed multimillion-dollar tax billCambodia (RSF 2026 rank: 151st of 180)Licensing and closure of outletsHun SenSustained (September 4, 2017)
September 1, 2017Venezuela expels or denies entry to dozens of foreign journalists covering anti-government protestsVenezuela (RSF 2026 rank: 159th of 180)Expulsion and visa denialNicolas MaduroOngoing (January 25, 2018)
July 27, 2016Turkey closes more than 100 media outlets by decree after a failed coup attemptTürkiye (RSF 2026 rank: 163rd of 180)Licensing and closure of outletsRecep Tayyip ErdoğanSustained (December 31, 2016)
December 31, 2015Poland's new government gains power to replace public broadcaster leadership, and journalists are dismissedPoland (RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180)Funding and ownership pressureBeata SzydloSustained (December 31, 2019)
October 17, 2014United States pursues New York Times reporter James Risen's testimony for years before dropping its demand for his sourceUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasBarack ObamaReversed (October 17, 2014)
December 29, 2013Egypt arrests and later convicts three Al Jazeera journalists on terrorism-related chargesEgypt (RSF 2026 rank: 169th of 180)Detention and violenceAdly MansourReversed (September 23, 2015)
October 10, 2013United States: Espionage Act prosecutions of sources for leaks to the press, 2009 to 2013United States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Secrets and espionage lawsBarack ObamaUnknown
August 18, 2013United Kingdom detains journalist's partner under terrorism law and oversees destruction of Guardian hard drives holding Snowden filesUnited Kingdom (RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasDavid CameronUpheld by a court (January 19, 2016)
June 25, 2013Ecuador's Organic Communication Law creates a regulator that issues hundreds of sanctions against journalists and outletsEcuador (RSF 2026 rank: 125th of 180)Funding and ownership pressureRafael CorreaReversed (February 20, 2019)
May 20, 2013United States search warrant names Fox News reporter James Rosen a possible co-conspirator in a leak caseUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasBarack ObamaSustained (July 12, 2013)
May 13, 2013United States Justice Department secretly seizes two months of Associated Press phone recordsUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasBarack ObamaSustained (July 12, 2013)
January 25, 2013United States prosecutes former CIA officer John Kiriakou under the Espionage Act for identifying a covert colleague to a journalistUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Secrets and espionage lawsBarack ObamaUpheld by a court (February 3, 2015)
December 21, 2010Hungary's parliament gives a government-appointed media council power to fine outlets for unbalanced coverageHungary (RSF 2026 rank: 74th of 180)Funding and ownership pressureViktor OrbanSustained (January 1, 2011)
July 5, 2010United States charges Army analyst Chelsea Manning under the Espionage Act for leaking to WikiLeaksUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Secrets and espionage lawsBarack ObamaReversed (January 17, 2017)
June 21, 2009Iran expels a BBC correspondent and restricts foreign journalists after a disputed 2009 electionIran (RSF 2026 rank: 177th of 180)Expulsion and visa denialMahmoud AhmadinejadUnknown
October 7, 2006Investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya is shot dead in Moscow; a former police officer is later convicted of organizing the killingRussia (RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180)Detention and violenceVladimir PutinUpheld by a court (June 9, 2014)
July 6, 2005New York Times reporter Judith Miller jailed for refusing to name a confidential source in the Valerie Plame affairUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasGeorge W. BushUpheld by a court (September 29, 2005)
February 10, 2003Pentagon sets ground rules for journalists embedded with United States forces in IraqUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Access bansGeorge W. BushSustained (April 14, 2003)
March 15, 2002Zimbabwe enacts a law requiring all journalists and media houses to hold government licensesZimbabwe (RSF 2026 rank: 124th of 180)Licensing and closure of outletsRobert MugabeUnknown
April 14, 2001State-controlled Gazprom takes formal control of Russia's independent NTV television networkRussia (RSF 2026 rank: 172nd of 180)Funding and ownership pressureVladimir PutinSustained (April 14, 2001)
October 20, 1998Serbia's Public Information Act lets courts fine independent newspapers into financial dangerSerbia (RSF 2026 rank: 104th of 180)Insult and defamation lawsSlobodan MilosevicReversed (January 1, 2001)
September 20, 1998Malaysia pressures domestic media and monitors foreign correspondents after arresting former deputy premier Anwar IbrahimMalaysia (RSF 2026 rank: 95th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasMahathir MohamadUnknown
July 1995Nigeria's military government convicts journalists by special tribunal over coup-plot reportingNigeria (RSF 2026 rank: 112th of 180)Detention and violenceSani AbachaReversed (June 15, 1998)
January 17, 1991United States military restricts reporters to escorted press pools during the Gulf WarUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Access bansGeorge H. W. BushSustained (February 28, 1991)
June 14, 1989China expels foreign journalists and restricts coverage of the Tiananmen Square protestsChina (RSF 2026 rank: 178th of 180)Expulsion and visa denialLi PengSustained (January 1, 1990)
October 1988United Kingdom bars broadcasters from airing Sinn Féin members' own voicesUnited Kingdom (RSF 2026 rank: 18th of 180)Licensing and closure of outletsMargaret ThatcherReversed (September 16, 1994)
September 18, 1988Burma's new military government tightens pre-publication press controls after seizing powerMyanmar (RSF 2026 rank: 166th of 180)Prior restraintSaw MaungOngoing (January 1, 1989)
November 2, 1985South Africa bans television and photographic coverage of unrest under a state of emergencySouth Africa (RSF 2026 rank: 21st of 180)Shutdowns and blockingP. W. BothaReversed (June 1, 1990)
October 25, 1983United States military bars journalists from the invasion of GrenadaUnited States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Access bansRonald ReaganReversed (April 1, 1985)
December 13, 1981Poland's martial law government shuts nearly all newspapers and interns journalists overnightPoland (RSF 2026 rank: 27th of 180)Shutdowns and blockingWojciech JaruzelskiReversed (July 22, 1983)
1981Haiti's Duvalier government arrests and deports Radio Haiti-Inter staff, driving its director into exileHaiti (RSF 2026 rank: 107th of 180)Expulsion and visa denialJean-Claude DuvalierReversed (February 1, 1986)
July 31, 1980South Korea's martial-law government purges journalists who resisted press controlsSouth Korea (RSF 2026 rank: 47th of 180)Licensing and closure of outletsChun Doo-hwanReversed (June 1, 1987)
March 24, 1976Argentina's military junta threatens journalists with prison for reporting on its opponentsArgentina (RSF 2026 rank: 98th of 180)Detention and violenceJorge Rafael VidelaReversed (December 10, 1983)
June 26, 1975India imposes pre-press controls on every newspaper during the 1975 EmergencyIndia (RSF 2026 rank: 157th of 180)Prior restraintIndira GandhiReversed (March 21, 1977)
September 11, 1973Chile's military government shuts opposition radio stations and newspapers after the 1973 coupChile (RSF 2026 rank: 70th of 180)Shutdowns and blockingAugusto PinochetSustained (March 1, 1990)
September 21, 1972Philippines President Marcos closes every major news outlet under martial lawPhilippines (RSF 2026 rank: 114th of 180)Shutdowns and blockingFerdinand MarcosReversed (February 25, 1986)
September 9, 1971United States: Nixon White House "enemies list" naming journalists, September 1971United States (RSF 2026 rank: 64th of 180)Surveillance and subpoenasRichard NixonUnknown
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